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Nat Med:CAR-T疗法带来“新惊喜”!有效清除脑肿瘤

2018-04-19 风铃 生物探索

4月16日,一项CAR-T疗法突破进展发表在Nature Medicine杂志上。来自斯坦福大学医学院的科学家们首次证实,靶向GD2的CAR-T细胞能够在小鼠模型中战胜一种致命的儿童脑肿瘤——脑干胶质瘤DIPG。


图片来源:Nature Medicine(doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0006-x)

DIPG(Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma)全称为弥漫性内生性脑桥胶质瘤,中位生存时间仅为10个月,目前无治愈的方法。在这项新研究中,科学家们向小鼠脑干中移植了人类DIPG,并证实,他们开发的新型CAR-T疗法能够有效清除肿瘤,最终仅残存非常少量的癌细胞。

Michelle Monje博士说:“对于CAR-T疗法能产生如此好的效果,我们感到非常惊喜。当小鼠被静脉注射了CAR-T细胞后,这些细胞进入了大脑中,并清除了肿瘤。这种反应比我们预想的要显著的多。”


Credit: UT Southwestern Medical Center

第一步:找到癌细胞上的关键靶点

CAR-T疗法是癌症免疫疗法的一种,其原理是,从患者体内分离出T细胞,在体外对这些细胞进行改造(为其装上能够特异性识别癌细胞的“导航”——嵌合抗原受体,也就是CAR),使其能够靶向癌细胞上的一种表面抗原,然后,再将“经改造过”的细胞(即CAR-T细胞)进行扩增,回输到患者体内,发挥抗癌作用。(细胞表面抗原是从一个细胞中“伸出来”的大分子,它能够帮助免疫系统判断这个细胞是有害的,还是无害的。)

该研究中,科学家们做的第一件事就是,寻找人类DIPG肿瘤表面能够作为CAR-T细胞靶点的抗原。最终,Monje博士等找到了一种被称为GD2的糖分子。在80%的病例中,DIPG肿瘤表面表达了丰富的GD2分子。而该分子的过度表达是由H3K27M突变引起的。

第二步:设计靶向GD2的CAR-T疗法

确定GD2是关键靶点后,科学家们设计了一种靶向该分子的CAR-T细胞——GD2-CAR-T细胞。

在培养皿中的初步实验表明,GD2-CAR-T细胞能够杀死携带H3K27M突变的DIPG细胞。同时,如果DIPG细胞被基因改造,不再表达GD2,那么,GD2-CAR-T细胞也就不再起作用了。


图片来源:Nature

第三步:在移植了人类DIPG肿瘤的小鼠中进行检测

紧接着,研究小组在脑干被移植了人类DIPG肿瘤的小鼠中测试了GD2-CAR-T细胞的疗效。在肿瘤被建立7-8周后,每只小鼠接受一次GD2-CAR-T细胞静脉注射,对照组小鼠被注射的是靶向其他分子(不是GD2)的CAR-T细胞。

结果证实,GD2-CAR-T细胞能够穿过血脑屏障,发挥抗癌作用。在接受GD2-CAR-T细胞治疗的小鼠中, DIPG肿瘤在14天后无法被检测到了。而对照组小鼠无肿瘤消退。

50天后,实验中的小鼠被安乐死。研究者们利用免疫染色对它们的大脑进行分析,计算残留的肿瘤细胞。结果显示,接受GD2-CAR-T细胞治疗的小鼠每只只有几十个残留癌细胞,而每只对照组小鼠仍有数以万计的癌细胞。

需要指出的是,研究人员发现,接受GD2-CAR-T细胞治疗的小鼠中残留的癌细胞并没有表达GD2,所以这些癌细胞不容易受到GD2-CAR-T细胞的攻击。

第四步:在移植其他肿瘤的小鼠模型中进行尝试

由于先前有研究证实,发生在儿童脊髓和丘脑中的神经胶质瘤也表现出了H3K27M突变,并表达了非常高的GD2水平,因此,该研究小组还在移植了人类脊髓和丘脑肿瘤(human spinal cord and thalamic tumors)的小鼠中测试了GD2-CAR-T疗法。

结果显示,GD2-CAR-T细胞有效清除了脊髓肿瘤,但一些携带丘脑肿瘤的小鼠经CAR-T疗法治疗后死亡了。研究人员表示,这是因为,免疫细胞产生的炎症反应导致了脑肿胀,而脑肿胀发生在丘脑(一种深藏在大脑内部的结构)附近尤其危险。


图片来源:网络

第五步:将GD2-CAR-T疗法推向人类临床试验

据悉,研究小组的下一步计划是将GD2-CAR-T疗法推向人类临床试验。他们将在试验中尽可能多的建立保障措施,以将风险降到最低。“我认为,我们很快就能在临床试验中测试GD2-CAR-T疗法,但我们需要非常小心的去做。” Monje博士说。

此外,由于CAR-T细胞并不能消灭所有的癌细胞,研究小组认为,应该将这种免疫疗法与其他疗法进行联合。目前,他们也正在开发治疗DIPG的化疗药物。“我不认为,一种治疗策略就能治愈这类极具侵袭性的、致命的癌症,但我相信,CAR-T疗法会是攻克DIPG治疗谜题的重要组成部分。”Monje博士如此说道。

原始出处:

Christopher W. Mount, Robbie G. Majzner, Shree Sundaresh, et.al. Potent antitumor efficacy of anti-GD2 CAR T cells in H3-K27M+ diffuse midline gliomas. Nature Medicine 16 April 2018

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    2018-08-12 liye789132251
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    2018-05-30 仁心济世
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    2018-05-05 122a262am52暂无昵称

    什么时候可以进入临床实验?需要招募志愿者吗?怎么联系呢?

    0

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    2018-04-21 柳叶一刀
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    2018-04-19 szxy_001

    厉害

    0

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