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NEJM:医疗机构不得不考虑的策略问题

2015-06-19 徐青 编译 健康界

直到最近,大多数企业对策略一词都没有很好的理解,而很多医疗机构就算没有真正的策略也能小有成就。他们根本无需担心怎样办出特色,也不用在不做什么上艰难抉择。只要患者进了门,有了医疗费,机构就会有盈利。这些医疗机构的成功来自于操作效能:员工努力工作、最好的工作方式以及能够吸引患者和医生的良好声誉。实际上每一个医疗供应者都在大多数支付者的选择范围之内,患者基本上可以选择在任何地方就医,为服务支付合理费

直到最近,大多数企业对策略一词都没有很好的理解,而很多医疗机构就算没有真正的策略也能小有成就。他们根本无需担心怎样办出特色,也不用在不做什么上艰难抉择。只要患者进了门,有了医疗费,机构就会有盈利。

这些医疗机构的成功来自于操作效能:员工努力工作、最好的工作方式以及能够吸引患者和医生的良好声誉。实际上每一个医疗供应者都在大多数支付者的选择范围之内,患者基本上可以选择在任何地方就医,为服务支付合理费用。大多数的医疗机构获得最大收益的方式无外乎两种:一种是尽可能提供最全面的服务,另一种将收益较好的服务项目来交叉资助一些收益不好的服务项目。而通常,“策略”并没有相应的可以确保收益率的规模和市场形象,在整个医疗网络中也处于缺席状态。

但是那个时代已经结束了。好的医疗技术依然很重要,但是随着公共保险所覆盖的患者治疗在医疗机构的收入比重越来越大,而个人保险公司又不大愿意交叉资助医疗,医院和医疗机构的收入正在呈现下降趋势甚至可能入不敷出。现在,很多医疗机构虽然业务涉及几乎所有的领域,但是收入并没有任何起色甚至还在下降。供应者已经渐渐没有讨价还价的权利。患者渐渐倾向于选择网络狭窄但回扣大的保险产品,因此他们对服务质量和花费也变得更敏感。现实情况是有一个好的品牌已经远远不够了:患者和买家都在寻找好的价值和服务本身。

这个时候医疗机构应该重新考虑一下策略的含义了。策略其实就是做选择,而这些选择又是辨别一个机构是否能够满足客户需求所必须的,主要围绕着一下六个关键问题:

1目标是什么?

第一个策略性问题是:“我们的目标是什么?”要回答这个问题就必须考虑该机构的根本目的和其对成功的定义。在大多数企业中,利润最贴近地反映了其为客户创造的价值,因此使利润最大化就成了终极目标。但是医疗行业要更为复杂,经济上的成功和患者角度的成功并不成正比,获取利润的同时并没有给患者提供更好服务的情况是完全有可能的。

在新时期,策略必须反映一个医疗机构的根本目的,即为谁服务和达到什么样效果。经济利润和增长目标将成为策略的结果而非推动力。纵观历史,一个机构完全可以有多个目标,例如满足社区的所有医疗需求、追求医生自治、培养临床医生以及展开研究可以同时进行。但是现在,有一个目标必须被放在至高地位:提高患者价值。

这里的价值定义为在考虑花费的情况下机构给患者提供的健康效果。这是能够指引医疗行业策略的唯一目标,也是可以指引其作出艰难决定的唯一“启明星”。那些重新组织来改善成果并因此效益更高的供应者不仅能使医生和专家的满意,还会收获经济上的成功。尽管基于服务的收费模式还会持续很多年,但是他们依然会成功,因为好的效果会吸引更多的患者,而高效率又会降低共付医疗费并提高经济收入。而那些不注重价值的医疗机构就缺乏了这种策略的基础目标。不管他们今天的声誉如何,将来会越来越难生存下去。

2有什么样的业务?

第二个主要的策略问题是:“我们有什么样的业务?”在医疗行业内,这个问题的答案通常是:我们经营一家医院或管理着一个部门。但是这反映的是产权结构,而非价值产地。价值通过在整个护理过程中(通常包括多个部门和护理单位)提高某类患者疗效来实现。例如在基础护理中,价值是通过满足很多病人群体的相似需求而实现的。只有在某个清晰的需求得到满足的情况下才能衡量这种价值,因为只有这样才能明确地定义疗效和对比成本。

这样以来,一个医疗组织就是治疗各种具体临床疾病或某一患者群体的业务组合。而聚焦于传统的组织单位则会有模糊价值的危险(拿高度异构的病人来说,疗效没有什么意义,花费对比也毫不相干),而实现价值所需做出的决定就会被忽略或回避掉。

3业务重点

一个机构一旦确定了其当前业务,第三个策略性问题就成了其业务范围是应该扩大还是缩小,即“到底应该在哪一领域或那类患者群体中开展业务?”试图满足所有客户的所有需求是必败的,这样会使医疗机构在与专注于某一领域或某一层次的竞争对手面前处于劣势。例如,一些医疗学术中心就已经不再提供简单、无风险的服务,而很多社区医院也开始放弃复杂的手术。医疗机构曾经试图避免这种艰难的决定,但是实现价值要求它们必须有所取舍。

4如何脱颖而出

在以上基础上,第四个策略问题就成了:“在所选业务范围内怎样脱颖而出?”医疗机构需要在每个业务领域内创造一个独特的价值定位。和对手用相同的方式争夺客户通常会导致价格侵蚀,还会局限生产力发展。因此各医疗机构应尽力使其为每一类疾病或客户群体提供价值不同于其他医疗结构。

要想有独特的价值定位机构就得围绕价值而非专业或服务来组建,这意味着要根据不同的病情重新安排护理并将其打造成综合实践单位(IPU)。这种IPU是一个多学科队伍,它不仅有精深的专业知识、广泛技能、还有能够取得高效快速治疗效果的医疗设备。IPU需要通过专注于某一类型病人的治疗才能在竞争者中脱颖而出,而这些患者群要么是一个机构所擅长并且疗效较好的领域,要么就是虽然和竞争对手疗效相似,但是价格更低、速度更快或服务更便捷的领域。

要获得竞争力,IPU需要有必要的患者数量来支撑由专业医师、最好的设备以及确保好疗效的支持服务组成的团队。合作和联合就是两个好方法,既可以增大数量或扩展护理,还不用添新砖新瓦。

IPU还应该使用捆绑支付协议和其他以价值为基础的支付模式,这些都会帮助其提高价值。以上这些再加上透明的结果,将会吸引更多的患者,并且打造一个良好的改善价值的循环结构。

5如何开展合作

第五个策略问题是:“通过现有的业务单元如何展开合作?”所有复杂的机构都需要两个层次的策略——每个业务单元的策略和整个公司的策略。在医疗行业中较大的多业务领域机构可以通过系统集成来扩大患者价值。针对某类疾病的策略和系统水平的策略应该相互结合。

拥有多家医院和训练基地的医疗系统在集中和分散护理中都具有一种潜在的优势。例如,一个医疗系统可以在其三级医疗机构中提供治疗腹部主动脉瘤的治疗,但是在门诊中心实施普通的更有成本效益的服务。然而收获系统优势需要作出一些重要的决定,例如哪个部门将不再提供哪种类型的医疗服务。消除重复服务和产能过剩,关闭不合理的部门,以及转向成本低的地区都需要面临来自机构本身和政策的一些棘手的问题。但是这样从结构上降低成本会比现今常见的增量削减、全面停工和减少开销要走得长远。

6合理的地理密度和范围

最后一个策略问题就成了:“我们合理的地理密度和范围是什么?”医疗机构的地理密度、服务类型是否合理?在其他地点成立急救室是否能增加价值?组织的地理分布是否能使价值最大化?面对某一病情要想取得更好的患者价值而需要多大的地域才能实施这么多的患者治疗?合并能否达到需要的数量,或者机构是否需要通过合作来扩张?这些决定必须围绕增长的价值来决定,而非仅仅是利润。扩张、合并和合作都不是策略,不过是在一定水平上提高价值的潜在工具。

以上这六个问题是相互依赖的,每一个决定都必须有互相增强的作用。做这些决定的过程会经常扰乱那些像医生一样善良并努力工作的人的生活,但是从根本上来说以价值为目标的策略对患者和为他们提供医疗服务的人都有利的。

策略还要求领导者愿意去做这些选择,并推动它们的执行,同时也推动机构的发展。医疗机构的领导能力更多的是关于管理而非选择,领导的选择通常是由研究凭证决定的,而临床企业则依靠其动力和声誉。但是未来的成功依赖于医疗机构实现患者价值的能力。领导者们必须保证所有的活动都是围绕这一目标展开的。在充满竞争的新兴市场,只有真正了解策略的医疗机构才是才能胜出。

原始出处:

Michael E. Porter, Ph.D., and Thomas H. Lee, M.D.Why Strategy Matters Now N Engl J Med, April 30, 2015, 372:1681-1684. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1502419

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    2016-01-27 doctording1

    值得进一步关注

    0

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    2016-01-27 doctording1

    是一篇不错的文章

    0

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    2016-01-27 doctording1

    不错,赞一个

    0

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    2016-01-27 doctording1

    这篇文章有一定临床

    0

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    2015-06-26 stupidox

    老美完全把医疗当成商业品牌在打理啊,中国的医院只能拖着庞大臃肿的身躯顶着患者口水蹒跚前行,医疗的特殊稀缺性让这个万恶的医疗体制有了继续生存的空间

    0

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    2015-06-25 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-06-25 jjzouyan

    必须考虑

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60600, encodeId=ae966060030, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60599, encodeId=dff160599a8, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60595, encodeId=9e7c6059590, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60596, encodeId=e8c860596c9, content=这篇文章有一定临床, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29442, encodeId=be7529442ad, content=老美完全把医疗当成商业品牌在打理啊,中国的医院只能拖着庞大臃肿的身躯顶着患者口水蹒跚前行,医疗的特殊稀缺性让这个万恶的医疗体制有了继续生存的空间, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48ce1618316, createdName=stupidox, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29156, encodeId=2f7e29156e5, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 22:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28873, encodeId=f0e0288e3df, content=必须考虑, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 12:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28563, encodeId=49fd2856345, content=战略很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66c61628089, createdName=caierhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 21:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28538, encodeId=28da28538cb, content=期待中, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bae01627531, createdName=erhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 18:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28434, encodeId=4c8628434b4, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 16:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-21 caierhong

    战略很重要

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60600, encodeId=ae966060030, content=值得进一步关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60599, encodeId=dff160599a8, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60595, encodeId=9e7c6059590, content=不错,赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=60596, encodeId=e8c860596c9, content=这篇文章有一定临床, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 12:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29442, encodeId=be7529442ad, content=老美完全把医疗当成商业品牌在打理啊,中国的医院只能拖着庞大臃肿的身躯顶着患者口水蹒跚前行,医疗的特殊稀缺性让这个万恶的医疗体制有了继续生存的空间, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48ce1618316, createdName=stupidox, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 07:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29156, encodeId=2f7e29156e5, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 22:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28873, encodeId=f0e0288e3df, content=必须考虑, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0d231626576, createdName=jjzouyan, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 12:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28563, encodeId=49fd2856345, content=战略很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66c61628089, createdName=caierhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 21:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28538, encodeId=28da28538cb, content=期待中, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bae01627531, createdName=erhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 18:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28434, encodeId=4c8628434b4, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 16:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-21 erhong

    期待中

    0

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    2015-06-21 summer474cn

    0

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