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Science:没有Y染色体,同样能生娃(附:Y染色体进化史)

2016-01-31 何嫱 生物通

Y染色体是雄性的象征,其只存在于雄性体内,编码了对雄性生殖十分重要的基因。现在一项新研究证实,通过辅助生殖利用无任何Y染色体基因的雄性生殖细胞也能生成活体小鼠后代。这一研究发现从新角度来探讨了Y染色体基因的功能及进化。它支持了Y染色体基因可以被其他染色体上编码的基因所替代这一假说。 两年前,威夷大学John A. Burns医学院生物起源研究所教授Monika A. Ward领导的研究小组,

Y染色体是雄性的象征,其只存在于雄性体内,编码了对雄性生殖十分重要的基因。现在一项新研究证实,通过辅助生殖利用无任何Y染色体基因的雄性生殖细胞也能生成活体小鼠后代。这一研究发现从新角度来探讨了Y染色体基因的功能及进化。它支持了Y染色体基因可以被其他染色体上编码的基因所替代这一假说。

两年前,威夷大学John A. Burns医学院生物起源研究所教授Monika A. Ward领导的研究小组,证实Y染色体只有两个基因:睾丸决定因子Sry和精原细胞增殖因子Eif2s3y是雄性小鼠借助辅助受精生育后代所必需的。现在,这一研究小组与来自法国的研究人员合作,向前又跨进了一步,生成了完全缺乏整条Y染色体的雄性小鼠。

在这项发表于1月29日《科学》(Science)杂志上的新研究中,Ward和同事们描述了他们构建出“无Y染色体”雄性小鼠的过程,并确定了这些雄性小鼠产生生殖细胞并生育后代的能力。

研究人员首先用它的同源物,编码在11号染色体上的直接靶基因Sox9替代了Y染色体基因Sry。在正常的情况下,Sry激活Sox9,会启动一连串的分子事件,最终使得具有XY染色体的胚胎发育为雄性。研究人员利用转基因技术在缺乏Sry的情况下激活了Sox9。

接下来,他们用编码在X染色体上的同源物Eif2s3x替代了第二个必需的Y染色体基因Eif2s3y。Eif2s3y和Eif2s3x属于同一基因家族,在序列上非常相似。研究人员推测这两个基因有可能发挥了相似的作用,两者的总剂量至关重要。他们通过转基因技术过表达了Eif2s3x,将这一X染色体基因提高至超过X和Y染色体正常提供的剂量。在这样的条件下,Eif2s3x接管了Eif2s3y的功能启动了精子发生。

最后,Ward小组同时替换了Sry和Eif2s3y,构建出了没有任何Y染色体DNA的XOSox9,Eif2s3x雄性小鼠。缺乏全部Y染色体基因的小鼠形成了睾丸,其中充满了雄性生殖细胞。他们收集了圆形精子细胞,利用一种叫做圆形精子细胞注射(ROSI)的技术成功地让卵母细胞受精。将发育胚胎移植到雌雄小鼠代孕母亲体内,就生成了活体小鼠后代。

“无Y染色体”雄性小鼠的后代健康且拥有正常的寿命。“无Y染色体”雄性小鼠的女儿和外孙都具有生育能力,无需进一步的技术干预自身具有生殖能力。Ward研究小组利用ROSI生成了连续三代的“无Y染色体”雄性小鼠,证实无Y染色体基因的雄性小鼠在技术辅助下能够多次繁殖。

Ward说:“在小鼠和人类中,大多数的小鼠Y染色体基因是成熟精子发育和正常受精的必要条件。但谈到辅助生殖,现在我们证实在小鼠中Y染色体的贡献并不是必需的。”

这项研究提供了有关Y染色体基因功能和进化的一些重要新见解。它支持了Y染色体基因与其他染色体上编码的同源基因之间存在功能冗余这一观点。Ward说:“这是个好消息。因为它表明了基因组中有一些后备策略,在正常情况下沉默的这些策略在某些情况下能够接管对应功能。我们通过基因组操控揭示了两个这样的策略。目前尚不知道,在没有人类的帮助下,响应环境改变是否可以激活这样的替代信号通路。但这是肯定有可能的,并且已经发生在了缺失Y染色体的两个啮齿动物物种上。”

辅助生殖技术(ART)的发展使得能够利用不能游动的、无活性或不成熟的生殖细胞,绕过各种正常的受精步骤。

最新的研究和Ward以往的研究报告均支持了在小鼠中ROSI是成功且有效的ART形式。在人类中,ROSI还处于实验阶段,是因为人们担忧注射不成熟的生殖细胞的安全性及其他的技术困难。研究人员希望在小鼠研究中取得的成功可以促使重新评估人类ROSI是否适合成为未来攻克雄性不育的一种治疗方案。

近年来,科学家在对Y染色体的研究中取得了不少引人注目的成果。2014年12月来自瑞典乌普萨拉大学等处的研究人员指出有抽烟习惯的男性比非烟民男性,Y染色体丢失的几率要高三倍。这一发现也许解释了对于大部分癌症来说,为何男性比女性患癌几率和癌症死亡几率都要高,而且抽烟为何对男性的影响,要比对女性的影响大。

2014年11月,Whitehead研究所的科学家们对小鼠的Y染色体进行了一次详尽的测序,揭露了这种数量惊人且生物学复杂的动物,同时提供了一些有关哺乳动物性染色体间激烈的霸主之争的独特的见解。

原始出处:

Yamauchi Y, Riel JM, Ruthig VA, Ortega EA, Mitchell MJ, Ward MA.Two genes substitute for the mouse Y chromosome for spermatogenesis and reproduction. Science. 2016 Jan 29;351(6272):514-6

小知识:人类Y染色体

人类染色体传奇故事:可怜的Y染色体

在人类中,起到区分个体性别的主角就是性染色体:X和Y染色体。人类是二倍体生物,其染色体都是成双成对存在的,每对染色体都是几乎没有形状差异的孪生姐妹。但是X和Y这一对性染色体就显得有点离经叛道了:按照从大到小的染色体编号模式,在23对染色体成员中,X染色体应坐在第8把交椅上,但是与它搭档的Y染色体只有它大小的三分之一,甚至比最小的22号染色体还要小一点。

如果你是女性,性染色体是一对XX,那么一切正常,在女性细胞的复制与繁殖中,X染色体的行为和其它22对常染色体基本上没有差别:一样的两两互补配对,重组交换,你中有我,我中有你,彼此间朝着消弭差异的共同方向行事。但是一旦Y染色体加入遗传信息的阵营,性染色体变成一对XY,一切就改变了。Y染色体的个子太矮,根本无法与它的搭档X染色体进行完全的配对与重组互换,得委屈X染色体弓下腰来弯成一个圆环,然后蜻蜓点水一般与小Y染色体在顶端少量地配对、重组互换一下。这样的交换对于维护Y染色体长久的稳定性是不够的,因为在染色体的遗传规律中,如果没有重组互换的行为发生,就意味着走上灭亡的道路。那么Y染色体是如何保持长久稳定性的?这个秘密直到2003年才被科学家揭开,原来Y染色体的独特之处在于能够自身进行基因的重组互换。

除了模样与行为上的不同以外,在携带的基因种类与数量上也有巨大差异。如Y染色体携带有启动男性形成发育的关键基因:SRY基因,在X染色体上没有这样的基因。X染色体能够携带2000到3000个基因,可怜的Y染色体只能携带20到30个基因。并且,Y染色体上的核苷酸序列看起来根本就是一堆毫无意义的垃圾山,很难找到基因的宝藏。这样的特性一度令人类基因组测序计划阻滞不前。

性染色体在女性和男性细胞中具有这样巨大的差异,会不会因此造成遗传的紊乱呢?生命从来就是一个高度平衡体,女性细胞为了维持X染色体上的基因剂量与男性的一致,在普通的生活细胞中选择其中一条X染色体蜷缩起来,就像将不用的衣服装进衣橱,并挂上一把锁,封存。这个高度蜷缩而失去表达活性的X染色体就是所谓的“巴尔氏小体”。

充满痛苦的进化历程

人类染色体传奇故事:可怜的Y染色体

Y染色体并不是一开始就存在的,而是基因突变的产物。在3亿年以前,性染色体X和Y的原始祖先与一般常染色体并无不同,在遗传过程中也都正常地进行着DNA的复制、染色体的联会及同源基因的重组互换。3亿年前的某一天,在其中一条原始性染色体上一个叫SOX3的基因发生突变,变成了名为SRY的基因。SRY基因是现代Y染色体上决定男性性别的关键基因。

为什么Y染色体这么小

科学家们是怎样推断出这发生在遥远的3亿年前的事件的呢?动物分类学为此做出了重大的贡献。爬行动物的性别不是由性染色体决定的,它们通常由环境决定。例如乌龟、鳄鱼等,在阳光充足的水滩上发育成雄性;在阴凉的背阴环境下发育成雌性。比爬行类高级一点的是哺乳动物中的单孔类动物,如著名的鸭嘴兽、针鼹等。单孔类动物是具有Y染色体的最古老动物,它们的性别不再是简单地由环境决定。而哺乳动物与爬行类动物的分支进化发生在3亿年前,所以科学家们推断出Y染色体出现在那个年代。再应用分子生物学上的分子进化钟来估计,发现X和Y染色体上的SOX3基因与SRY基因也有了3亿年的分家史。

SOX3的基因突变成了SRY的基因后,又发生了一个染色体倒转事件,使本是同根生的SOX3基因(在X染色体的底部)与SRY基因(在Y染色体的顶部),河汉相隔,老死不相往来。染色体倒转是染色体内部区段发生重组的一种较常见方式,这种行为常常导致染色体上基因的位置发生重新排列。而在Y染色体上发生的倒转基因又不像X染色体一样还可以在雌性的细胞中得到孪生姐妹的修复帮助,所以这些倒转了的区段还常常被Y染色体自身给切除掉了,结果随着时间的流逝,在没有备份可以弥补的情况下,可怜的Y染色体失掉了越来越多的基因,变得越来越萎缩,到今天只有X染色体的三分之一。

在我们的鸭嘴兽祖先出现了Y染色体后,这条执意走独木桥的Y染色体就常常发生各种各样的基因倒转和删除事件,使得Y染色体上的基因越来越与众不同。在人类中的雄性中,Y染色体上只有两头的部分还保留着与X染色体进行重组互换的能力,而雌性的两条基因分布均一的X染色体在所有的部位仍进行着充分的重组互换。

就这样,从没有差异的原始性染色体,经过了3亿多年的进化以后,Y染色体的结构发生了巨大的变化,在功能上也变得更加专一,成为启动雄性发育的扳机。

携带独一无二的雄性动物的遗传密码的Y染色体,它不止个头比X染色体小,而且基因也比X要少。X染色体有超过1000个基因,而Y染色体不到200个,这200条基因中大多数甚至没什么用。为什么男性基因组中会有这种奇怪的、发育不良的染色体呢?

Y染色体是一个非常特殊的且技能有限的DNA组块。它的作用之一就是哺乳动物进化中提供雄性,但负责这项工作似乎让Y染色体有些怪异。

在哺乳动物进化之前,X染色体和Y染色体和细胞中其它染色体没什么两样。两个看上去也完全一样,携带着相同版本的基因,它们之间可以相互影响,在遗传细胞成熟分裂早期,即产生精子和卵子的过程中,交换遗传物质。

交换DNA使染色体重新排序,这个过程也称为重组。重组让大量的各种各样的基因组入驻精子和卵子,也是修复突变的一个重要的方法。每个染色体携带着相同基因的不同版本,而一条染色体中一个基因可以作为其它固定匹配的基因的模板。生物学家研究性染色体,认为Y染色体中的连环突变和重组使得它走上了一条奇怪的孤独道路。

最初,X染色体和Y染色体都有SOX3这条基因。SOX3是转录因子的蛋白质家族的一部分。细胞内转录因子有一个非常特别的工作:它们是DNA的数据库管理器。DNA为生成蛋白质存储编码指令,RNA(核糖核酸)将编码读取转换至蛋白质上,转录因子则影响细胞对编码的读取。它们的角色之一就是精心的将细胞们划分开来。SOX3帮助管理人类大脑的发育,影响现代两栖动物和爬行动物的性腺形成,在最早的哺乳动物身上也可能扮演类似的角色。

比较哺乳动物三个分支的Y染色体:胎盘哺乳动物、有袋哺乳动物和单孔目动物,发现1.8亿年前SOX3发生一系列突变,最后致使形成更加严格的性别决定制度。突变将SOX3转变成一种新形式,称为SRY基因,可能使进化中的性腺形成睾丸。其他染色体中包含SRY的部分都屁颠滚到了另一端的Y染色体上。转变之后,X染色体和Y染色体的基因序列已不再相同,SOX3 X也和Y染色体上的SRY编码桥归桥路归路了。SRY中的代码无法修复,Y染色体将自己扫地出门了。

为什么Y染色体这么小

因为Y染色体再也无法和X染色体完美匹配,于是两条染色体失去了重组的能力。在雌性卵子中,X染色体仍然可以其它X染色体配对完成正确的突变,而Y染色体上的错误不断累积,有些基因甚至会重复一遍又一遍。染色体不同部位的DNA重新洗牌。但最重要的是,Y染色体上的基因减少了,除非它再长到以前的长度。

最终,只有现代Y染色体的最遥远的技巧表现得像个“正常”的染色体。这些微小的部分与X分享基因,这可能帮助X和Y减数分裂期间正确地排队。其余的染色体- 95%——通过改变由父亲传给儿子,除了偶尔的突变。

最后,只有最最最遥远的现代Y染色体会像“正常的”染色体那样行事。这些最微小的部分可以和X染色体分享基因,这可以帮助X染色体和Y染色体在成熟分裂时正确排队。其余的95%染色体则通过父亲传给儿子,除了偶尔的突变。

大部分Y染色体上的男性区域并不能生成有用的蛋白质,大部分都是反复重复相同的代码序列,其他部分有回文代码:从中心点开始到染色体两端,一直重复的序列。这些DNA的延伸可以让Y染色体重叠,按从前到后序列顺序进行修复,也保证仅有的几条基因正常工作。

因为呈散状分布,实际上只有约16条基因重码能制造蛋白质。有一些古老的关键性的基因是Y染色体和X染色体相同时期保留下来的古董。其中包括一种参与牙釉质形成的蛋白质和另一种在细胞内帮助建立机制关键部分的蛋白质。其余的工作额度基因是Y染色体所特有的,这些基因等于生存完全没影响:一半的人类并没有它们也活得好好的。但在支持帮助睾丸发育和生成精子蛋白质编码方面,从进化论的角度来看,它们责任重大。


漫长的冲突

人类染色体传奇故事:可怜的Y染色体

有意思的是,通过基因突变而产生的Y染色体与X染色体并不是一对天作之合,而更像是一对互不相让的冤家对头。

X和Y之间的祸根最早在3亿年前埋下的。当时,一个基因的突变阻止了相同大小的X和Y染色体间的物质交换。它们各自的突变越多,因失去交换而产生的差异越大,就好像一个逐渐变成了湿润的南方水乡,另一个却因干燥成了广袤的北方旱地。这时原本功能相同的一个基因在“水乡”的Y染色体上时可以用钙造出坚硬发达的雄性头角,在“旱地”的X染色体上时却用它们来造营养丰富的乳汁。性别的差异就这样开始形成,并且为了使各自的性别得到进一步的强化,X和Y染色体招募了更多有利于性别凸显的基因,最终形成了维护性征的遗传大本营。

这样的大本营中的基因成员对对方的成员一点都不友好。Y染色体上对雄性有好处的基因对雌性却常有坏处;反之X染色体上对雌性有利的基因总是企图摧毁雄性的特征。例如最近发现的一个在X染色体上的基因DAX与Y染色体上的SRY基因——男性性器官发育及精子生成的重要开关基因——就是一对恩怨不绝的对手。在正常男性细胞中,一份DAX基因会礼让一份SRY基因,男性特征正常显现,但在极少数基因异常的男性细胞中,他们的X染色体上有两份DAX基因,这时DAX基因就会攻打SRY基因了,并轻易地就将SRY基因给打败了,这样的人即使细胞仍然为XY型,但长得跟女人一模一样。

在生物体中,战争的机器一旦被制造出来,马上就会启动。性染色体之间的斗争有时候简直就是将对方置之死地而后快,决不姑息。因为雌性有两条X染色体,雄性有一条X一条Y,所以当雌雄两对染色体相遇时,有四分之三是X,只有四分之一是Y。这样,X染色体进化出攻击Y染色体能力的可能性,是Y染色体进化出攻击X染色体能力的可能性的3倍。Y染色体上的所有基因都可能受到层出不穷的X基因的攻击,最后Y染色体丢盔弃甲,只得把绝大部分已被瞄准的基因“关闭”或者切除。这就是Y染色体越来越短,越来越“沉默不语”的深层苦衷!

这场旷日持久的战争使Y染色体如此萎缩,在遗传上又是如此活力不够,以至于生物学家们一度对它的看似必然消亡的命运担忧不已。世界上研究Y染色体的权威专家戴潍?佩奇在那段预示不妙的日子里,在他的茶杯上亲自写下这样的话“拯救男性”。

Y染色体顽强自保

人类染色体传奇故事:可怜的Y染色体

然而,令科学家没想到的是,Y染色体还有极顽强的一面。

Y染色体的确虽然是人类所有染色体“书本”中最为短小的一本,但它的内容并不容易被人类掌握。在人类基因组测序计划初期,科学家们发现,Y染色体的中间区段有太多太多的重复基因和没有任何生理功能的惰性基因,要想从片区域鉴定出某个具体基因,实在是一件叫人发疯的事情。一位致力于Y染色体研究的科学家形象地说,分析Y染色体上的基因,就像让你走入一个由镜子搭起来的小屋里,到处都是一个相同而成镜像的影子,甚至无法辨清天花板和地面。

直到2003年,科学家才搞清,Y染色体上大量的“影子”基因实际上就是一些所谓的遗传密码的回文结构。例如ABCDEFG和GFEDCBA就构成了一对回文结构,也可以说互成镜像。曾经使科学家们懊恼不已的镜子,又成了使他们顺利踏入Y染色体神秘殿堂探求秘密的通道。

这些让人无法辨别的“影子”基因,竟然在保证弱小的Y染色体亿万年不再继续退化做出了巨大贡献。其它所有染色体都具有与其孪生伙伴配对重组互换的能力,Y染色体则只能在两端与它的伙伴X染色体重组互换而得到修复与保存。那么Y染色体中间区段如何保持它的长久稳定呢?原来,就是依靠这些回文结构,小小的Y染色体可以从中间弯起来,让自身对等回文部位配对并发生重组互换,如果中间某个基因不幸突变,他就可以从它对面的回文备份中得到修复。

真是特立独行的Y染色体,在缺少孪生伙伴的情况下,竟然以自力更生的方式得以保全自己的身家性命!

因合作而拯救

然而,基因的对抗升级是一件很危险的事。我们很容易理解一个集体中的成员不达成默契的合作,必定会使集体的利益受到损害。长久不绝的基因战争必定使战争的受害者——人体的生存状况走向式微。如果所有X染色体上的基因都想杀死含有Y染色体的精子,人类将不再有男子,最终也使X染色体上的基因失去了繁衍的机会。所以X与Y之间几亿年前就开始的战争到了后来渐渐平息下来,演变成一个非常理智而微妙的游戏——这就是被威廉阿莫斯等人发现的“有选择地清扫”的游戏规则。经过漫长的年代,在Y染色体基本屈服以后,X染色体只会时不时地清扫Y染色体上那些与自己雷同的基因,而譬如SRY这种控制男性化的罕见基因,在正常细胞中,X染色体从来不去打扰它(但异常时X染色体偶尔也会露出其本来的峥嵘面目,要对SRY基因攻击一番,譬如前面所说的X染色体上有两份DAX基因时)。那些行使“清扫”功能的基因是一种推动人种女性化的基因,如果没有SRY 基因向男性化扳回的平衡作用,人类的性别最终也要失衡。

当然,有人又该问了:为什么在Y 染色体的两端存在着的与X染色体相同的可以互换的基因没有受到“清扫”呢?答案很简单,这些基因——数量大约为5个——不是性别决定的专门基因,他们的功能仅用来维护细胞的基本生命活动,也就是一些“看家基因”,所以似乎没有必要清扫。

从一定意义上来说,X与Y染色体之间长达数亿年的战争以Y染色体的妥协而告终,并使Y染色体变成最弱小的染色体。但就这个看似很可怜的小家伙,今天却成为人类社会的主宰力量,真是令人不可思议。

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    2016-02-02 jichang
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    2016-02-02 周虎
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1331611, encodeId=ad1213316110e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d85a6181e4d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61817, encryptionId=d85a6181e4d, topicName=染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375164, encodeId=c9d413e516471, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538843, encodeId=0e9c153884337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f5a189918d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Y染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18991, encryptionId=9f5a189918d, topicName=Y染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fc213064778, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62410, encodeId=02f862410f4, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62400, encodeId=a5ba624003e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62401, encodeId=8c9c6240129, content=哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62389, encodeId=d60f6238955, content=新鲜, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62390, encodeId=00fa623901d, content=有些乱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62374, encodeId=86ed623e4f9, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62375, encodeId=8742623e506, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-01 zhuzhuba1

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1331611, encodeId=ad1213316110e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d85a6181e4d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61817, encryptionId=d85a6181e4d, topicName=染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375164, encodeId=c9d413e516471, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538843, encodeId=0e9c153884337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f5a189918d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Y染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18991, encryptionId=9f5a189918d, topicName=Y染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fc213064778, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62410, encodeId=02f862410f4, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62400, encodeId=a5ba624003e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62401, encodeId=8c9c6240129, content=哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62389, encodeId=d60f6238955, content=新鲜, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62390, encodeId=00fa623901d, content=有些乱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62374, encodeId=86ed623e4f9, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62375, encodeId=8742623e506, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-01 zm0805

    高大上

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1331611, encodeId=ad1213316110e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d85a6181e4d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61817, encryptionId=d85a6181e4d, topicName=染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375164, encodeId=c9d413e516471, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538843, encodeId=0e9c153884337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f5a189918d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Y染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18991, encryptionId=9f5a189918d, topicName=Y染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fc213064778, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62410, encodeId=02f862410f4, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62400, encodeId=a5ba624003e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62401, encodeId=8c9c6240129, content=哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62389, encodeId=d60f6238955, content=新鲜, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62390, encodeId=00fa623901d, content=有些乱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62374, encodeId=86ed623e4f9, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62375, encodeId=8742623e506, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-01 zm0805

    0

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    2016-01-31 忠诚向上

    新鲜

    0

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    2016-01-31 忠诚向上

    有些乱

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1331611, encodeId=ad1213316110e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d85a6181e4d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61817, encryptionId=d85a6181e4d, topicName=染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375164, encodeId=c9d413e516471, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538843, encodeId=0e9c153884337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f5a189918d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Y染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18991, encryptionId=9f5a189918d, topicName=Y染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fc213064778, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62410, encodeId=02f862410f4, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62400, encodeId=a5ba624003e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62401, encodeId=8c9c6240129, content=哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62389, encodeId=d60f6238955, content=新鲜, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62390, encodeId=00fa623901d, content=有些乱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62374, encodeId=86ed623e4f9, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62375, encodeId=8742623e506, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-31 李继凯

    文章不错

    0

  10. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1331611, encodeId=ad1213316110e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d85a6181e4d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61817, encryptionId=d85a6181e4d, topicName=染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnILSXam1GxPwj04ylEzibYLFA2eGl5Ev02klt80JA0xejMPqrn0mYHNNnLEgyqYTPbicXpY3tn6SA/132, createdBy=38fd2500059, createdName=新生儿张玉军, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375164, encodeId=c9d413e516471, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1538843, encodeId=0e9c153884337, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f5a189918d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Y染色体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18991, encryptionId=9f5a189918d, topicName=Y染色体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fc213064778, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Tue Feb 02 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62410, encodeId=02f862410f4, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62400, encodeId=a5ba624003e, content=高大上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62401, encodeId=8c9c6240129, content=哇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=128, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19691629579, createdName=zm0805, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62389, encodeId=d60f6238955, content=新鲜, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62390, encodeId=00fa623901d, content=有些乱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 21:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62374, encodeId=86ed623e4f9, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62375, encodeId=8742623e506, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 18:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-31 李继凯

    收藏

    0

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