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肩关节后脱位合并反Hill-Sachs损伤1例

2019-12-25 叶春晓 林志强 郭颖彬 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

肩关节后脱位在临床上较为少见,占肩关节脱位的1.5%~3.8%,其临床表现较为隐匿,容易导致漏诊,文献报道漏诊率高达60%~80%。笔者于2018-05诊治1例创伤性肩关节后脱位合并反Hill-Sachs损伤,分析此类损伤的早期诊断及处理方法,为避免其漏诊、误诊提供临床参考,报道如下。

肩关节后脱位在临床上较为少见,占肩关节脱位的1.5%~3.8%,其临床表现较为隐匿,容易导致漏诊,文献报道漏诊率高达60%~80%。笔者于2018-05诊治1例创伤性肩关节后脱位合并反Hill-Sachs损伤,分析此类损伤的早期诊断及处理方法,为避免其漏诊、误诊提供临床参考,报道如下。

病例报道

患者,男,27岁,因“打架致右肩部疼痛伴活动受限2h”入院。查体:右肩部肿胀,右上肢下垂,肩后可触及局部隆起,肩关节活动受限。行右肩胛骨正侧位X线片检查,提示右盂肱关节间隙变窄;行CT检查显示右肩关节后脱位(图1),合并肱骨头凹陷性骨折。临床诊断为右肩关节后脱位合并反Hill-Sachs损伤,予以手法整复,复位满意后行右肩关节旋后、外展位石膏固定(图2)。伤后12个月随访时患者右肩部无疼痛,右肩关节活动良好,未复发。



讨论

肩关节后脱位的损伤机制以直接暴力多见,当上臂或肩关节受到外界暴力,暴力方向由前向后时巨大冲击力使关节囊后壁破裂,此时肱骨头内旋、内收,进而滑入肩峰下形成后脱位,更有甚者肱骨头滑入盂下或肩胛冈下。间接暴力导致的肩关节后脱位亦有发生,如癫痫发作、电击、电治疗、药物或酒精戒断症状发作时,由于肌肉强直性痉挛,当强大的内旋力量(胸大肌、背阔肌、肩胛下肌及大圆肌)超过外旋外展肌群(冈下肌、小圆肌)力量时,肱骨头极度内旋,可出现肩关节后脱位。肩关节为球窝关节,虽然关节盂关节面只占肱骨头关节面的1/4~1/3,但肱骨头外周由盂唇、关节囊及韧带环绕而控制肱骨头向后脱位。另外,肩关节周围的肩袖结构尤其是肩胛下肌对维持肩关节后方稳定性起到重要作用。肩关节后脱位的典型特点:①肩关节后脱位时由于肱骨头与关节盂后缘发生撞击,肱骨头关节面前内侧常出现压缩骨折,即反Hill-Sachs损伤,文献报道其发生率为40%~90%。②由于骨折凹陷处位于肱骨头关节面前内侧,可能与关节盂后缘发生啮合,肩关节主动及被动外旋活动受限,临床查体时可感到明显的弹性固定,Hawkins等将其定义为锁定后脱位。③由于肩胛骨平面与胸壁平面约成45°角,肩关节正位X线片的投照平面与胸壁平面垂直,故X线影像上肱骨头与关节盂重叠,肩关节后脱位患者反而显示盂肱关节正常。

肩关节后脱位容易漏诊、误诊,原因主要有以下几点:①肩关节后脱位临床上少见,骨科医师对其认识程度不足,查体缺乏针对性,尤其是年轻医师对其诊断缺乏经验。②肩关节后脱位患者的体征不典型。临床上肩关节前脱位常见,具有典型的方肩畸形、关节弹性固定体征,而肩关节后脱位畸形常不明显,需要仔细观察,包括肩关节前方空虚、喙突突出、后方饱满。本例查体时仅表现为肩关节后方局部突出。③影像检查缺乏标准、不规范,肩关节后脱位只摄肩关节正位X线片时,常显示关节位置正常。④阅读X线片发现肱骨近端骨折或肩胛盂骨折时未进一步追究病因,造成漏诊。

肩关节后脱位患者的影像检查是做出正确诊断的重要手段,目前常用的肩关节X线片检查拍摄体位较多,包括肩关节正位、斜位、Y形位、腋位、穿胸位及肩胛骨正侧位,如何选择有效的拍摄体位是临床亟待解决的问题。以往大部分医师都是选择摄肩关节正位X线片,但脱位与正常肩关节没有明显区别。笔者认为应采取创伤系列X线片拍摄方法,即肩胛骨正侧位和腋位X线片,肩胛骨正位X线片是盂肱关节真正的正位,正常肩关节影像表现为肱骨头的关节面与肩胛盂关节面平行,显示盂肱关节间隙。肩关节后脱位时肩胛骨正位X线片上肱骨头、肩胛盂之间的间隙消失,出现重叠影像;肩胛骨侧位X线片上正常肩关节影像为肱骨头位于关节盂中央,肩关节后脱位时可清楚显示肱骨头向后移位。腋位X线片可清楚显示肱骨头与肩胛盂的前后关系。如果X线片不能明确诊断,可以通过CT平扫判断肩关节是否脱位,同时还能观察肱骨头的压缩情况,后者对治疗方法的选择具有指导意义。CT扫描还可以判断肩关节后脱位患者是否合并关节盂后缘骨折与肱骨近端骨折。肩关节后脱位的治疗方案选择主要考虑2个方面,即肱骨头压缩程度与脱位时间。临床上对于受伤时间<6周且肱骨头压缩范围<20%的肩关节后脱位患者可首选闭合复位。对于脱位时间超过6周或肱骨头压缩程度为45%~50%的肩关节后脱位患者,如果闭合复位不成功,应考虑切开复位,修复肱骨头骨质缺损,包括肩胛下肌腱移位(McLaughlin手术)、改良McLaughlin手术、自体骨植骨、异体骨植骨。对于长时间脱位、肱骨头明显骨质疏松或肱骨头压缩>50%的肩关节后脱位患者可考虑行人工肱骨头置换术治疗。

原始出处:

叶春晓,林志强,郭颖彬,郑晓蓉.肩关节后脱位合并反Hill-Sachs损伤1例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2019,34(11):1227-1228.

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    2019-12-26 txqjm

    谢谢了学习了

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