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科普也要讲究方法

2015-05-11 佚名 FT中文网

不久前,数百名美国加州人闯入州议会大厦,要求拥有不让自己的孩子接种疫苗的权利,他们演绎了一场极为现代的冲突——科学vs观念体系。科学家告诉家长接种疫苗是安全的,但许多家长宁愿相信自己的直觉——接种疫苗不安全。这种鸡同鸭讲式的对话已成常态。人们在健康和饮食方面越来越自作主张,而不是相信科学家、医生或政府。伦敦卫生暨热带医学院(London School of Hygiene & Trop

不久前,数百名美国加州人闯入州议会大厦,要求拥有不让自己的孩子接种疫苗的权利,他们演绎了一场极为现代的冲突——科学vs观念体系。科学家告诉家长接种疫苗是安全的,但许多家长宁愿相信自己的直觉——接种疫苗不安全。这种鸡同鸭讲式的对话已成常态。人们在健康和饮食方面越来越自作主张,而不是相信科学家、医生或政府。


伦敦卫生暨热带医学院(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)营养学家阿伦•丹古尔(Alan Dangour)表示,如果你想改变人们的行为,不要跟他们大讲科学道理。相反,想劝人们作出更好的决定,我们需要去了解他们是怎么做决定的。行为经济学已发现多种影响人类消费决定的认知偏见。以下是一些影响人们决定健康和饮食方式的偏见和错误观念:

“‘天然的’就是好的”

当面对复杂问题时,人们往往会采用启发法(heuristic),这是一种务实、简单化的心理捷径(mental shortcut)。常见的捷径之一是使用“天然”、“有机”、“本地”或“顺势疗法”等标签代表健康。反之,“人造的”就等同于不健康的。这种启发法之所以具有吸引力,部分在于它依靠文字。不是人人都懂科学,但所有人都懂语言。

有时天然的确是好的。世界卫生组织(WHO)在今年3月宣布,全球最常见的除草剂草甘膦可能会致癌。但多数情况下,天然的并不好。比如,澳大利亚国家健康与医学研究理事会(National Health and Medical Research Council)也在今年3月发表了一个结论,顺势疗法对治疗任何疾病都毫无疗效,附和了2010年提交到英国下议院的一份报告的结论。

此外,伦敦卫生暨热带医学院的研究人员回顾了50年来的研究成果之后,表示“天然”有机食品并不比其他食物更有营养。斯坦福大学(Stanford)从237项研究中也得出了同样结论。

“所有‘科学的’研究都是平等的”

事实上,正如尤拉•比斯(Eula Biss)在其著作《免疫》(On Immunity)中所述,医学上的任何单一研究都毫无意义。引用医学研究人员约翰•约安尼季斯(John Ioannidis)的一句话:“大多数业已发表的研究成果都是虚假的。”单一研究有可能规模很小,操作不当,或者仅仅是偶然状况下得出的结果。约安尼季斯说:“重要的是所有证据的总和。”这就是为什么医学研究的黄金标准是元研究,它集合了关于某一课题的以往研究,比如前文中提到的关于有机食品的研究。尽管如此,反疫苗者仍引用一份已经撤销的关于12名儿童案例的研究报告,该研究由安德鲁•韦克菲尔德(Andrew Wakefield)与其他研究人员在1998年发布,他们认为儿童接种疫苗可能引起自闭症。

人们之所以会抓住一项研究不撒手,是因为我们非常不善于权衡数量。我们很难区分出“少量”与“大量”之间的差别。这也是为什么当某一产品显现出“有毒迹象”时人们会恐慌,比如当疫苗中含有汞成分时。但分量才是关键因素。比斯引用了一句毒理学格言:“只要剂量足,万物皆有毒。”(The dose makes the poison)

“弃绝自我是有益的”

这种宗教观念在如今的“节食排毒”(detox diets)饮食理念中得到延续。该饮食方式通常需要戒绝一切食物,只食用果汁之类的选定的“天然”产品。事实上,少量食用“罪恶的”食物对健康有利,比如葡萄酒、巧克力和咖啡(咖啡是一种少有的合法、会改变精神、提高效率的药品)。

确认偏见

我们今天关于健康的信息主要来自谷歌(Google)。但是网上可以找到各种各样的说法,而且绝大多数人倾向于那些能证明他们观念的网站。

模糊厌恶

人们喜欢确定性,但在健康方面确定性很难得到。相关部门不时会改变观点,比如美国政府预计很快将宣布,高胆固醇食物是没有问题的。

在健康问题上,我们不该去追求确定性,而是应该基于概然性来做出决定:给你的孩子接种疫苗非常可能是个明智的决定。但可能性听起来太模棱两可,无法让人放心。

我们的想象里充斥着各种稀奇的、耸人听闻的死法

人们担心恐怖分子、鲨鱼、埃博拉(Ebola)和飞机失事是因为它们具有“可得性启发”(availability heuristic)。一条信息——比如恐怖袭击——对记忆的启发越多,对我们做决定的影响很可能就越大。事实上,死于恐怖主义的人远远少于死在办公桌前的人。

乐观倾向

耶鲁大学(Yale)公共卫生学院(School of Public Health)的乔迪•辛德拉尔教授(Jody Sindelar)表示,吸烟者知道吸烟会上瘾,还会致命,可他们往往相信香烟只会征服和杀死其他吸烟者。一般来说,人们会低估自己的不良习惯的影响,而偏向将病因归结于那些他们无法控制的因素,比如基因或手机、辐射等环境因素。个中原因可想而知。

重视眼前的倾向

辛德拉尔说,比起未来,我们更看重眼前,所以戒烟的最佳时机永远是明天。
科学家和政府需要改变策略。不应该用科学道理去轰炸民众,而是应该根据我们的认知偏差来设计政策。最易行的手法就是广告。比如拍摄一位母亲怀里抱着正在接种的小宝宝,这样一支动人的广告或许比得上一万个科学研究。辛德拉尔还提出了其他方法:

●提醒:在阳光明媚的日子,给人们发消息建议他们涂上防晒霜。
●预承诺:鼓励人们打赌他们能够减掉多少体重。
●财务奖励:以奖金鼓励人们戒烟。

这些温和的规劝比科学发现更能改变人类行为。在如今这个低信任度的世界,科学与其他多数权威都已被打入冷宫。

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    2015-10-06 段段

    这算是策略问题嚒

    0

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    2015-05-20 yydlt

    晕啊!什么情况!

    0

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    2015-05-20 yydlt

    不是很清楚!

    0

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    2015-05-17 hbwang006

    有点晕

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=37797, encodeId=5ed23e79738, content=这算是策略问题嚒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=190, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d2ae1637749, createdName=段段, createdTime=Tue Oct 06 21:22:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24230, encodeId=f3ff242301f, content=晕啊!什么情况!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Wed May 20 15:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24231, encodeId=2f4f242311e, content=不是很清楚!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Wed May 20 15:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23843, encodeId=066b238438e, content=有点晕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sun May 17 17:29:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23423, encodeId=f0302342362, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed May 13 21:16:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23227, encodeId=19722322ee1, content=这不再是医疗问题而是伦理和认识问题了吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9e0b1603164, createdName=lovejing, createdTime=Tue May 12 12:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-13 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=37797, encodeId=5ed23e79738, content=这算是策略问题嚒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=190, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d2ae1637749, createdName=段段, createdTime=Tue Oct 06 21:22:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24230, encodeId=f3ff242301f, content=晕啊!什么情况!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Wed May 20 15:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=24231, encodeId=2f4f242311e, content=不是很清楚!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Wed May 20 15:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23843, encodeId=066b238438e, content=有点晕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sun May 17 17:29:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23423, encodeId=f0302342362, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed May 13 21:16:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=23227, encodeId=19722322ee1, content=这不再是医疗问题而是伦理和认识问题了吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9e0b1603164, createdName=lovejing, createdTime=Tue May 12 12:25:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-05-12 lovejing

    这不再是医疗问题而是伦理和认识问题了吧

    0

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