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徐州三院张瑶俊等病例报告:药物涂层球囊治疗心梗有潜力

2019-08-07 佚名 中国循环杂志

冠状动脉支架内再狭窄,是各大指南推荐应用药物涂层球囊(DCB)的Ia类指征,不过直接用于ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)这种特殊的冠脉原位原发病变效果如何?

冠状动脉支架内再狭窄,是各大指南推荐应用药物涂层球囊(DCB)的Ia类指征,不过直接用于ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)这种特殊的冠脉原位原发病变效果如何?

徐州市第三人民医院张瑶俊、李谦等报告的一则病例显示:DCM治疗STEMI堪用。

患者为39岁男性,因“突发胸痛40 min”入院。

心电图示:窦性心律,心率 62 次 /min,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF及 V7~9导联ST段抬高0.2~0.4 mV。入院诊断为冠心病,急性下壁及后壁 STEMI,心功能 I 级(killip 分级)。

入院后行急诊冠脉造影证实,左回旋支(LCX)中段急性完全闭塞,2.5 mm×12.0 mm 预扩球囊扩张后 LCX 血流恢复TIMI 3 级,残余85%重度狭窄,但患者强烈拒绝放支架,遂结束手术(图1)。



对患者强化抗栓治疗两周后,家属要求药物涂层球囊(DCB)治疗,复查造影提示LCX原闭塞段残余狭窄 80%,未见血栓。DCB治疗见图2.

术后6个月随访时,冠脉造影显示,原闭塞段管腔狭窄程度较6月前DCB术后即刻残余狭窄显着减轻(QCA测量直径狭窄率19.5%),即出现管腔正性重构现象。

光学相干性断层成像(OCT)检查发现,内膜表面仅有微小夹层,局部内膜下仍可见未愈小夹层,但未见血栓,大部分血管段内膜修复良好。

定量分析显示残余狭窄最重处最小管腔直径 2.11 mm、最大管腔直径 2.63 mm、最小管腔面积 4.56 mm2,结果理想(图 3)。



讨论:

据介绍,国内关于 DCB 治疗冠脉原位原发病变的 STEMI报道极少见,国外小样本的研究显示,DCB 优于药物洗脱支架的治疗效果,并且半年的冠脉造影结果及 OCT 随访发现 DCB 治疗组血管管腔面积增加,即出现正性重构现象。

作者指出,单纯急诊球囊扩张恢复前向血流将面临罪犯血管再次急性闭塞的风险。另外,何时选择 DCB 治疗以发挥最大疗效以及术后双抗血小板时间选择 3 个月还是 12 个月仍需进一步研究讨论,OCT 的动态随访可能会提供最为直接的证据。

其中,DCB 处理 STEMI 病例的特殊之处在于手术时机的把握。选择在急诊球囊扩张恢复血流两周或更长的抗栓时间后给予 DCB 治疗的主要原因在于:

(1)急性期反复的球囊扩张预处理易增加慢血流、无复流的发生风险,特别是对于血栓负荷重、脂质核心大的病变。

(2) DCB 释放的药物可能渗入血栓内或碎裂脂质斑块内,进入管壁的药物量减少,直接影响 DCB 的临床疗效。

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