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肝功能指标持续正常的慢乙肝如何管理?看看专家共识怎么说

2021-08-17 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

本共识对丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)持续正常的慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(CHB)的最新进展进行补充,旨在帮助临床医师在ALT持续正常CHB患者的诊治中做出合理的诊疗决策。

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基于中国2019版慢性乙型肝炎防治指南,本共识对丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)持续正常的慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(CHB)的最新进展进行补充,旨在帮助临床医师在ALT持续正常CHB患者的诊治中做出合理的诊疗决策,现整理重点如下。

2014年全国流行病学调查结果显示, 中国人群乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性率为5.0%~ 6.0%,慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者约7000万例,其中 CHB 患者约2000~3000万例,4 岁以下儿童HBsAg阳性率为0.3%,5~15岁为0.9%,16~29岁为4.4%。全世界病死于HBV 感染相关疾病的患者约88.7万例/年,其中因肝硬化和肝癌病死的分别占52.0%和38.0%。研究表明,慢性HBV感染者中ALT持续正常的患者占40.0%~70.0%,其肝组织仍可能存在炎症反应或纤维化,部分可隐匿进展为肝硬化、肝细胞癌,若及时治疗,可以延缓疾病进展,改善预后。

ALT 正常值上限

ALT 是反映肝脏炎症最直接的指标。国内外指南均推荐ALT高于正常值上限(ULN)即是抗病毒治疗的适应证。目前全球通用的ALT的ULN为40 U/L,我国当前采用的ALT的ULN为男性50 U/L,女性40 U/L。此外,ALT水平持续正常的慢性HBV感染者的病情会隐匿进展,在肝活检中,部分患者具有明显的炎症或纤维化。

美国肝病学会(AASLD)建议ALT的ULN调整为男性30 U/L,女性19 U/L;韩国则建议调整为男性34 U/L,女性24 U/L;日本建议调整为男性29 U/L,女性23 U/L;我国最新的研究建议调整为男性35 U/L,女性23 U/L。本共识中参考ALT 的 ULN 以各文献报道为准。

推荐意见:各国或各地区ALT的ULN标准不一,建议以各自推荐为准。

ALT持续正常的CHB的肝组织病理改变

大量研究证实ALT持续正常的CHB患者肝活检组织病理,多数有不同程度的慢性炎症或纤维化的表现, Nguyen研究发现 63.8%患者有轻度炎症;另有研究显示, 16.8%~40.0% 的患者存在中度炎性坏死, 24.2%~35.9%存在中度肝纤维化;一部分慢性HBV感染者,尽管ALT正常,但肝穿刺病理活检显示肝组织已经有显著炎症、纤维化,甚至达到早期肝硬化标准。

ALT 持续正常的 CHB 患者基线 ALT 水平对抗病毒疗效的影响

有学者对 ALT 正常或轻度升高的患者研究结果表明,此类患者若肝组织有炎症及纤维化进展,患者对于抗病毒治疗仍具有较好疗效;且抗病毒疗效与其肝组织炎症及纤维化程度显著相关。

 

推荐意见:由于 ALT 水平与肝组织炎症及纤维化程度不总是呈平行关系;因此,单纯依靠ALT 水平确定是否需要治疗具有很大的局限性。应该综合考虑 ALT 水平、HBV DNA、HBsAg 定量、感染时间、有无肝硬化、肝癌家族史等综合考虑制定治疗方案。

临床评估

在临床上评估是否是 CHB 并决定是否治疗前,需排除脂肪性肝病、自身免疫性肝病、其他系统疾病等。依据患者血清 HBV DNA、年龄、家族史、肝脏疾病严重程度和伴随疾病等因素,综合评估ALT持续正常CHB患者所处的疾病进展状态,决定是否需要治疗。

HBV DNA主要用于评估HBV感染者病毒复制水平,是抗病毒治疗适应证选择及疗效判断的重要指标。当检测到 HBV DNA但ALT持续正常时,如有以下情形之一,则疾病进展风险较大,建议抗病毒治疗。

年龄

年龄> 30 岁,无肝硬化或肝癌家族史,进行肝纤维化无创评估或肝组织学检查,存在明显肝脏炎症或纤维化,建议进行抗病毒治疗。(A 级证据, 1 级推荐)

家族史

有肝硬化或肝癌家族史,且年龄>30岁,建议进行抗病毒治疗。(B 级证据, 1 级推荐)

实验室检查

1. 天冬氨酸转氨酶和血小板比率指数(APRI)评分:成人APRI ≥ 2分提示存在肝硬化, APRI <1分则排除肝硬化。(B 级证据, 2 级推荐)

2. 肝纤维化 4 因子指数(FIB-4):FIB-4 ≥ 3.25用于诊断 Metavir 评分≥ F3;FIB-4<1.45 用 于 排 除 Metavir 评分 ≥ F3。(B 级证据, 2 级推荐)

3. 肝纤维化四项(透明质酸、Ⅲ型前胶原、Ⅳ型胶原、层黏连蛋白):透明质酸在肝硬化时极度升高;Ⅲ型前胶原在肝硬化早期明显升高;Ⅳ型胶原可用于肝纤维化的早期诊断;层黏连蛋白与肝纤维化活动程度及门静脉压力呈正相关,四项指标均可反映肝纤维化发生情况,但尚缺乏可供临床应用的统一诊断界值。(C 级证据, 2 级推荐)

4. 血清壳多糖酶3样蛋白l(CHI3L1): ALT持续正常的患者,血清CHI3L1水平与纤维化进展相关。 CHI3L1水平>134 μg/L 提示肝硬化;79 ~134 μg/L 显著肝纤维化;<79 μg/L 无显著肝纤维化。(B 级证据, 2 级推荐)

5.其他:血清细胞角蛋白18-M30和M65片段比值(M30/M65)对CHB有很好的诊断价值,有望成为新的慢性乙肝诊断标志物,>120 U/L为活动性乙型肝炎。(C 级证据, 2 级推荐)

影像诊断

1. 瞬时弹性成像(TE):我国一项多中心研究中建议乙型肝炎肝硬化诊断界值为肝硬度测定值(LSM) 160.0 mm Hg(1kPa=7.5 mm Hg), 进展期肝纤维化LSM > 93.0 mm Hg,显著肝纤维化LSM> 68.2 mm Hg;若未达到肝纤维化诊断标准,且结合病毒和血清学指标仍然无法确定是否应该治疗,应考虑肝穿刺活组织检查。(B 级证据,2 级推荐)

2. 腹部超声:显示肝脏表面欠光滑,边界不清晰; CT 提示肝脏体积缩小,肝脏边缘不光滑,多发再生结节; MRI 提示肝实质内多发肝硬化不典型再生结节等存在肝硬化的客观依据均应进行积极的抗病毒治疗。(A 级证据, 1 级推荐)

3. 磁共振弹性成像(MRE):评估肝纤维化具有很高的可信度,诊断准确性不受患者年龄、性别、肥胖和肝脏炎症程度的影响;尚在临床研究阶段的声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像和二维剪切波弹性成像(2D-SWE)初步显示有一定的诊断价值。

病理学

肝组织学显示明显的炎症分级(Grade ≥ G2)和(或)纤维化分期(State ≥ S2),建议抗病毒治疗。(A 级证据, 1 级推荐)

肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)

当 HVPG > 5 mmHg 时,提示存在肝硬化门静脉高压,建议抗病毒治疗。 HVPG 在肝硬化门静脉高压的危险分层中具有重要意义,但不作为预测肝硬化程度的常规手段。(B 级证据, 2 级推荐)

治疗

ALT 持续正常的 CHB 治疗的总体目标是:最大限度地长期抑制或消除 HBV,缓解肝细胞炎症坏死及肝纤维化,阻遏疾病进展为肝硬化、肝癌。主要治疗手段包括抗病毒、抗炎保肝和对症治疗,其中抗病毒治疗是关键,只要有适应证且条件允许,就应进行规范的抗病毒治疗。

现阶段临床上针对转氨酶持续正常的 CHB 患者的治疗手段较为有限,主要包括干扰素、核苷酸类似物、保肝类药物等。

干扰素

我国已批准聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg-IFN-α)和普通干扰素 -α 用于治疗转氨酶持续正常的 CHB患者。干扰素的用法、用量、疗程,可参照2019 年慢性乙肝指南推荐。(B 级证据, 1 级推荐)

核苷酸类似物

恩替卡韦:B 级证据, 1 级推荐;

替诺福韦:B 级证据, 1 级推荐;

拉米夫定:C 级证据,1 级推荐。

中药保肝药物

中医药治疗慢性肝病则是扶正祛邪,常用治疗方法有清热解毒、化痰通络、疏肝理气、活血化瘀、软坚散结、益气养阴、健脾化湿、补肾柔肝、清热解毒、化湿解毒、活血解毒、扶正解毒等。茵陈蒿汤、鳖甲煎丸、柴胡疏肝散等中药方剂在肝病临床治疗中运用广泛。(C 级证据, 1 级推荐)。

其他治疗

重组高效抗肿瘤抗病毒蛋白注射液(B 级证据, 1 级推荐)。

除上述抗病毒治疗以外,针对 ALT 持续正常的 CHB 患者,还可应用抗炎保肝药缓解肝内炎症,如还原型谷胱甘肽等,促进肝细胞再生。(B 级证据, 1 级推荐)

治疗前景

慢性乙型肝炎的治疗是一个长期的过程,需要正确评价 ALT 水平正常与肝脏炎症的关系,对ALT 水平正常 CHB 抗病毒治疗时机的选择应考虑多方面因素。现有的抗病毒治疗方案很难清除HBV 感染而达到完全治愈,导致许多患者需要长期接受核苷酸类似物抗病毒治疗,其根本原因是肝细胞核内存在具有转录活性的共价闭合环状 DNA(cccDNA)。因此,直接使用 cccDNA 靶向剂和免疫疗法相结合可以作为治愈慢性乙型肝炎的新型有效手段,具有深远的临床治疗前景。

参考资料:

陈永平,杨永平,丁惠国,林明华,张明香,陈良,邓存良,邬小萍,李用国,林锋.丙氨酸氨基转移酶持续正常的慢性乙型肝炎诊疗专家共识[J].中国研究型医院,2021,8(04):1-6.

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    0

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    2021-08-24 心梦无痕

    学习了!

    0

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    2021-08-18 小火龙111

    nice

    0

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    2021-08-18 小火龙111

    nice

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1214377, encodeId=e82912143e714, content=***!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201019/e14e90b94f194f6296a2ca443865462f/818550faf1c24eb9bc580712aff8558f.jpg, createdBy=8afa2183725, createdName=清浅水, createdTime=Tue Apr 26 03:15:32 CST 2022, time=2022-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1845867, encodeId=2a20184586e38, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d2f206482e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家共识#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20648, encryptionId=5d2f206482e, topicName=专家共识)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=568152, createdName=snowpeakxu, createdTime=Tue Nov 30 18:34:41 CST 2021, time=2021-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1010873, encodeId=367e10108e309, content=学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Kqiar8ibofwQ75icVhIia5GAg8WrCpuvXQ7iag2ua5UfNmbWEp5Mfv0EwAib64TQn8FuIevF5pwnQVOP5m4zHF7Pqicrw/132, createdBy=e1731945333, createdName=心梦无痕, createdTime=Tue Aug 24 09:07:14 CST 2021, time=2021-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1366747, encodeId=0ab51366e4765, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8b4181188f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81188, encryptionId=8b4181188f5, topicName=肝功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8942242, createdName=jj000001, createdTime=Thu Aug 19 02:34:41 CST 2021, time=2021-08-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1009119, encodeId=6b4c100911940, content=nice, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210817/23cddf8b4fd64eb993e1ce0dc039919a/a5d2416ef1744efb8a761e2b41df007f.jpg, createdBy=f9635507778, createdName=小火龙111, createdTime=Wed Aug 18 15:18:14 CST 2021, time=2021-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1009118, encodeId=ec9c10091180f, content=nice, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210817/23cddf8b4fd64eb993e1ce0dc039919a/a5d2416ef1744efb8a761e2b41df007f.jpg, createdBy=f9635507778, createdName=小火龙111, createdTime=Wed Aug 18 15:18:12 CST 2021, time=2021-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1009117, encodeId=9cc9100911e11, content=nice, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210817/23cddf8b4fd64eb993e1ce0dc039919a/a5d2416ef1744efb8a761e2b41df007f.jpg, createdBy=f9635507778, createdName=小火龙111, createdTime=Wed Aug 18 15:18:09 CST 2021, time=2021-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-08-18 小火龙111

    nice

    0

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