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人体进化中十个很大“缺陷”:裸露的睾丸易受伤

2016-04-17 编译 徐寒易 作者 CHIP ROW

古希腊人迷恋“数学上完美”的身体。但不幸的是,对于追求这种理想的人来说,我们的身体并不由传说中雕刻出完美女性形体的雕刻家皮格马利翁(Pygmalion)设计,而是被马盖先(MacGyver,美国一个电视剧的英雄,擅长用身边的常见物品解决问题)设计的。演化用类似胶带和木材边角料的生物材料塑造了我们的身体,如果没有小行星或是核弹爆炸来让一切归零的话,唯一能改善我们身体形态的方法就是对现有的模型进行

古希腊人迷恋“数学上完美”的身体。但不幸的是,对于追求这种理想的人来说,我们的身体并不由传说中雕刻出完美女性形体的雕刻家皮格马利翁(Pygmalion)设计,而是被马盖先(MacGyver,美国一个电视剧的英雄,擅长用身边的常见物品解决问题)设计的。演化用类似胶带和木材边角料的生物材料塑造了我们的身体,如果没有小行星或是核弹爆炸来让一切归零的话,唯一能改善我们身体形态的方法就是对现有的模型进行修补。“演化并不会产生完美的身体,”普利斯顿大学的体质人类学家 Alan Mann 解释道,“演化产生的是功能。”

我依着这个想法采访了一些解剖学家和生物学家,然后列出了一张人体遗留问题清单——就好像你在买房之前,会把这个房子的问题都列张单子一样。拿出你的钱包吧,我们的身体就像一栋需要修补的房子一样。

1  不太管用的脊柱

脊柱的问题: 我们的脊柱糟糕透顶。美国凯斯西储大学(Case Western Reserve University)人类起源中心主任 Bruce Latimer 认为,我们能行走真是个奇迹。当我们的祖先用四肢行走时,他们的脊柱是拱形的,就像一把弓一样,能够承受下面垂挂的内脏的质量。

但当我们开始直立行走,整个系统发生了 90° 的旋转,于是就开始出毛病了:脊柱被迫成为了柱状。接下来为了支持两足运动,腰部的脊柱向前发生了弯曲。为了让头部保持平衡(这样我们走路的样子就不会像在跳下腰舞),脊柱上部往相反的方向弯曲了。

这个变化对脊柱下部产生了巨大的压力。根据一项估计,80% 的成人都患有腰痛。

解决办法:让脊柱重新变回拱状。“看看你的狗,”Latimer表示,“它从骶骨到颈部是一个弓形曲线。这是很棒的系统:简单、强壮、无痛。解决秘方只有一个:如果要避免我们沉重的头部往前倾斜失去平衡(还要让腰不痛),我们只有回到四脚着地的状态。”

2 僵硬的膝盖


膝盖的问题:Latimer 表示,“膝盖是身体中最复杂的关节,位于两个巨大的‘杠杆’——股骨和胫骨中间。这下麻烦就多了。”结果就是,你的膝盖只能向前后两个方向转动。“这就是为什么除了橄榄球以外的所有大型运动禁止运动员从侧边撞击或者击打对手的膝盖。”

解决办法:用一个球和凹槽代替这个关节,就像你肩膀和臀部里的结构一样。我们没有在膝盖处演化出这样的关节,“因为我们不需要,”Latimer表示,“古人类还不知道足球是啥。”

3。 过于狭窄的骨盆

盆骨的问题:生孩子很疼。更糟糕的是,女性骨盆的宽度已经20万年没变过了,为的是防止我们的大脑长得更大。

解决办法:Latimer 说,当然你可以把骨盆拉宽,但是技术专家可能已经有了更好的解决方法。“我敢说1万年甚至1千年以后,发达国家不会还有需要自然分娩的女性。在诊所里就能让精子和卵子结合,你出门顺道就能取个孩子回来。”

4。 裸露的睾丸

睾丸的问题:一对孕育生命的器官脆弱地挂在身体外面。

解决办法:把睾丸放回身体里可以避免男性关键部位受撞击时的“蛋疼”。纽约州立大学(the State University of New York)演化心理学家 Gordon Gallup 表示,要这么做的话首先你得先对精子做些调整。很明显,睾丸(和卵巢不一样)被丢到温度更低的“体外”环境中的原因在于,精子得被保存在比体内温度低2.5到3华氏度(合1.4到1.6摄氏度)的地方。

Gallup推测,较低的温度能够让精子保持在相对不活跃的状态,直到温暖的阴道将它们激活,促使它们游向卵子使其受精。这种演化性补救措施能够防止精子过早消耗掉自身的能量。Gallup 表示,我们可以改变系统的规则:让精子保持体温,但是让阴道变得更热。(小贴士:我们不需要重新设计规则:大象就是一个很好的现成模板。)

5。 牙齿太多

牙齿的问题:一般来说,人类上下左右的牙床后部都各有3颗臼齿。当我们的大脑迅速变大时,颌变得更宽更短,使得最里面的第三颗臼齿没有了生长的空间。人类在学会烹调食物前,这些有尖凸的臼齿是挺有用的。但是现在,“智齿”只会让你牙龈疼痛。

解决办法:拔掉它们。有时它们看上去要退化消失了——大约25%的人(绝大多数爱斯基摩人)生来就不会长智齿,或者只会长一颗智齿。我们已经知道如何用牙科工具安全地取出第三颗臼齿。Mann 指出,如果演化没有赋予我们的“更大”的大脑的话,我们是无法发明这种牙科技术的。这也算是功过相抵吧。

6。 弯绕的动脉

动脉的问题:血液通过一条大动脉流入两只手臂和两条大腿,而大动脉进入四肢的位置,分别位于身体正面的二头肌和髋屈肌。为了给身体背面的组织(如三头肌和腘绳肌腱)供血,动脉会分叉,围绕着骨头形成环路,并和神经结合成束。

这种弯绕的“管道”会导致恼人的差错。比如在肘部,动脉的分支会与驱动小指的尺骨神经在皮肤下的浅表部位相遇。这就是为什么当你上臂末端的骨头——肱部(“麻筋儿”的所在位置)在撞到东西的时候你的手臂会感到麻木的原因。

解决办法:霍华德大学(Howard University)研究灵长类动物肌肉演化的解剖学助理教授 Rui Diogo 认为,可以从肩胛骨和臀部出发,为每条手臂和腿的背部增加第二条大动脉。新加的管道可以为肩膀和手背之间增加一条更为直接的供血通路,这可防止血管和神经过于靠近皮肤。

7。 放反的视网膜

视网膜的问题:纽约城市大学(City University of New York)分子生物学副教授 Nathan Lents 写道,视网膜的感光细胞就像方向放反了的麦克风。这个设计,使得光必须在穿过每个细胞、血液以及组织后才能到达细胞背部的接收器。这种设置会让视网膜容易从周围组织上脱落,而这是失明的主要原因。这也会导致盲点,即像“麦克风缆线”一样的细胞纤维束汇聚在视神经上的那一处,而大脑必须对这个盲区进行“脑补”。

解决办法:借用章鱼或是乌贼的方法:把视网膜翻回来。

8。 胸腔里的喉返神经

喉返神经的问题:喉返神经(RLN)对说话和吞咽至关重要。它将大脑的指令传导给声带下的喉部肌肉。理论上,神经信号的传导应该是非常迅速的。但是在胎儿发育过程中,RLN 和颈部的一团组织缠绕在一起,这团组织向下生长发育成为心脏附近的血管,导致RLN绕了主动脉一圈才回到喉。RLN位于胸腔之中,这使它容易在外科手术或打架时受伤。

解决办法:东北俄亥俄医科大学(Northeast Ohio Medical University)解剖学和神经生物学教授 Rebecca Z。 German 表示,“这好办。”当婴儿在子宫里的时候,把颈部讨厌的血管组织挪到胸腔后再来发育 RLN。通过这种方式,这个神经就不会被拉到胸腔里了。

9。 错位的喉咙

喉咙的问题:气管和食道的开口在同一处——咽,咽是从鼻子嘴巴与喉之间的部位。为了防止食物进入气管,当你吞咽时,一个叶片状的扁平物——会厌会反射性地盖住喉部开口。但有时,会厌的反应速度不够快。如果你在吃饭的时候说笑,食物有可能滑入气管堵住呼吸道,导致窒息。

解决办法:用鲸的方法。鲸的喉位于呼吸孔内。German 表示,如果我们将喉移到鼻子里的话就能得到两条独立的管道。当然,我们同时会失去说话的能力。但是我们还可以用歌曲沟通,就像鲸通过鼻孔内的震动沟通一样。

10。 东拼西凑的大脑


大脑的问题:人类大脑是分步演化而来的。心理学家 Gary Marcus 在新书《异机种系统:思维的偶然演化》(Kluge: The Haphazard Evolution of the Mind)中提出,当脑中形成新的结构时,为了保持我们直立行走和跑动的功能,旧的脑结构并不会“下线”。这种“边建边用”的策略使大脑变成了一个不甚精致的场所。

大脑就好比一个功能失调的工作间,年轻的雇员(前脑)处理先进花哨的技术(比如语言),而老保安(中脑和后脑)管理的是机构记忆,还有地下室的保险丝盒。这产生了一些不良后果:抑郁症、疯癫、不可靠的记忆以及确认偏误(注:选择性地回忆或者搜集支持性的有利细节,忽略不利或矛盾的信息的倾向)。

解决办法:没有办法。我们完啦。

文章来源:环球科学Scientific American 作者 CHIP ROW;插图 LEN SMALL

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    2016-04-24 为何

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    2016-04-19 zhangph
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    2016-04-18 Lisa971

    高级动物进化不容易,但还是存在不足之处。

    0

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    2016-04-17 文医生

    如果重新进化又得好几千年吧

    0

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    2016-04-17 醉清风

    这个知识真不知道,学习了

    0

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    2016-04-17 Gsurgeon

    复杂人体真奇妙

    0

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    2016-04-17 李继凯

    说的都没法活了

    0

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    2016-04-17 李继凯

    高级动物还高级吗

    0

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    2016-04-17 dhzzm

    学习了,生理性的能改变吗

    0

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