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Sci Transl Med:更完美的医疗机器人

2013-12-17 阮梅花 中国科学报

国哈佛大学工程和应用科学学院教授,Wyss 生物启发工程研究所核心创始成员Robert Wood 等近日在《科学—转化医学》刊文,畅想未来医疗机器人的发展走向。 在科幻小说中,机器人通常被描绘成拥有类似人类的智力和能力,并且以一种自然、拟人化的方式来和人类互动。 近年来,生产机器人产品所发展出来的机器人核心技术(如传感器、执行器、控制算法和机构学)是人们负担得起并且可以获得的,这些技术正在渗透

国哈佛大学工程和应用科学学院教授,Wyss 生物启发工程研究所核心创始成员Robert Wood 等近日在《科学—转化医学》刊文,畅想未来医疗机器人的发展走向。

在科幻小说中,机器人通常被描绘成拥有类似人类的智力和能力,并且以一种自然、拟人化的方式来和人类互动。

近年来,生产机器人产品所发展出来的机器人核心技术(如传感器、执行器、控制算法和机构学)是人们负担得起并且可以获得的,这些技术正在渗透到各种各样的医学应用中去。

医疗机器人在进步

医疗机器人的一个典型例子,是来自直觉外科手术公司的达芬奇机器人。达芬奇机器人是一个多手臂的、可遥控的微创手术工具,它已经在从泌尿外科到心脏病的一系列手术中成功使用。然而,尽管它有令人印象深刻的安装记录,但是在大型医疗中心和机构以外使用则过于昂贵。

而现在,则有一个开发新型、经济可负担得起的机械工具的机会,该工具应该更为灵巧,并可为医生提供额外的功能。例如,有了智能、动态填补导管和实时的运动跟踪的功能(如3D 超声波),不需要停止心脏就可以让心脏看起来对手术操作者静止,从而可以进行微创心脏手术。

有了显微操纵器,一些神经或者微血管的吻合术完成起来更为简单,可以安全控制和操作这些微妙的结构。最后,可能看到一些类似触手和蛇一样的可操纵针头和内视镜,它们帮助我们到达身体内难以接触到的位置。总的来说,这些机器工具利用配备的传感器,使协作的控制者能够作为医生的延伸部分来工作。

大部分现存的生物医药机器人——无论是手术的或者可穿戴的——都是坚硬的。鉴于要在组装时操纵重型组件,最初使用机器人操作是为了快速、高精度以及重复的动作,故其坚硬是有历史意义的。但人体除了骨头,大多数组织是柔软的。

这意味着坚硬的生物医学机器人必须依靠精确传感器的反馈和高性能控制系统,来确保病人的安全。换句话说,即柔软的机器人很有意义。使用聚合物创建机器人——具体来说,模弹性体可与人类皮肤相比拟——自动消除了许多人类—机器人交互的安全担忧。不过同时也产生了一个问题:高度兼容、非线性的材料带来了建模、生产力和控制的挑战,会导致不精确的运动。

然而,柔软机器人的前景已经刺激一个交叉材料、机械和电气工程的新兴领域,以及旨在体现和皮肤一样柔软的核心机器人技术的生物学的发展。

柔性机器人前景广阔

下一代可以穿戴的机器人,将使用例如纺织品和弹性体这样的柔软材料,提供一个更舒适、不引人注目和兼容的手段来和人类身体接触。这些机器人将通过改善步行效率或者增加握力来增加健康个体的功能。此外,可穿戴的机器人将协助患有身体或神经系统疾病的病人。不同于包含刚性框架元素的传统外骨架,这些柔软的系统穿起来如同衣服,匹配自然的肢体动作,当需要时仍然可以提供实质性的力量和扭矩。

生物医学机器人的另一个机遇是降低物理尺度。前面提到的有关情况的一方面是精细结构和组织的操作。然而,精密控制不一定是由小型机器人完成。事实上,许多精密控制系统有大量的基础设施。另外,如果系统的特征维度降低,新的微创手术变得可行。为了使微型手术机器人成为现实,必须开发新的微型和中型工业模范,强调生物相容性以及电气和机械组件的单块集成电路一体化。

最近一个被称作“立体书微机电系统”的解决方案,借鉴儿童立体书,结合了微加工和三维装配方法,不需要更多传统的“具体的”组装就可以实现复杂的结构和机电机制。

上述研究例子发展到商业化道路还很漫长,特别是考虑到需要监管部门的批准。尽管如此,胶囊内视镜已经迈出了步伐——即“PillCam”——可以在诊断过程中被动地穿过胃肠道,同时还有眼内给药及相关程序的微型可操纵机器人。

鉴于机器人辅助医疗的前景,对学术界产生巨大的推动以及医疗设备行业为临床应用开发更小、更柔软和更安全的机器人就不足为奇了。也许很快未来的诊断程序将由一杯饮料或者微型机器人注射组成,物理治疗也许仅仅穿上一条裤子就能达到最好疗效。

原文出处:

Nitish V. Thakor.ROBOTICS AND NEUROPROSTHETICS Translating the Brain-Machine Interface.Sci Transl Med 6 November 2013:DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007303


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    2017-04-30 lyh994

    真的是越来越快了!

    0

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    2014-11-09 bsmagic9140
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    2013-12-19 xue8602
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192114, encodeId=4004192114df, content=真的是越来越快了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Apr 30 10:10:52 CST 2017, time=2017-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2067136, encodeId=74c6206e136c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d0841e75535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17755, encryptionId=d0841e75535, topicName=Transl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Fri Jul 25 15:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1656595, encodeId=173b1656595d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 17:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321838, encodeId=5746132183852, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=890c611854e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#机器人#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61185, encryptionId=890c611854e, topicName=机器人)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d139492, createdName=xue8602, createdTime=Thu Dec 19 04:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1582886, encodeId=8c55158288615, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f6e1611840d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#机器#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61184, encryptionId=f6e1611840d, topicName=机器)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=13dc16973127, createdName=ms6279672939590805, createdTime=Thu Dec 19 04:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606070, encodeId=d3bb16060e06d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Dec 19 04:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192114, encodeId=4004192114df, content=真的是越来越快了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Apr 30 10:10:52 CST 2017, time=2017-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2067136, encodeId=74c6206e136c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d0841e75535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Transl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17755, encryptionId=d0841e75535, topicName=Transl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Fri Jul 25 15:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1656595, encodeId=173b1656595d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Sun Nov 09 17:41:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321838, encodeId=5746132183852, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=890c611854e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#机器人#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61185, encryptionId=890c611854e, topicName=机器人)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d139492, createdName=xue8602, createdTime=Thu Dec 19 04:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1582886, encodeId=8c55158288615, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f6e1611840d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#机器#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61184, encryptionId=f6e1611840d, topicName=机器)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=13dc16973127, createdName=ms6279672939590805, createdTime=Thu Dec 19 04:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606070, encodeId=d3bb16060e06d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Dec 19 04:41:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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