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人工合成生命的时代要来了?非生命物质创造出生命的神话

2016-08-19 佚名 科学大院

在我们生存的自然界里,除了单细胞生物、少数低等生物,绝大多数的生物从小到大都遵循着一个相同的规律——由一个受精卵发育形成。 就像是父母的精卵结合,产生了受精卵,受精卵开始快速的生长分裂,经历四细胞期、八细胞期后形成桑椹胚,直到胚胎干细胞有了明显的分化进而发育成囊胚,原肠胚,最后发育成一个各器官组织完全的胎儿。等到胎儿出生长大性成熟之后,成熟的个体雌雄交配,又会产生新的受精卵,生命就这样在

在我们生存的自然界里,除了单细胞生物、少数低等生物,绝大多数的生物从小到大都遵循着一个相同的规律——由一个受精卵发育形成。

就像是父母的精卵结合,产生了受精卵,受精卵开始快速的生长分裂,经历四细胞期、八细胞期后形成桑椹胚,直到胚胎干细胞有了明显的分化进而发育成囊胚,原肠胚,最后发育成一个各器官组织完全的胎儿。等到胎儿出生长大性成熟之后,成熟的个体雌雄交配,又会产生新的受精卵,生命就这样在周而复始的循环中得到延续。

生命的历程与繁衍

而至于人类到底是怎么来的,在几千年前之间有很多种说法,大致分为四类,神创论、天外科学创造论、自然发生论、生物进化论。

其中达尔文在1859年提出的进化论(地球物种并非一成不变,而是随着自然条件的变化从简单到复杂、从低等到高等不断进化而来)是目前科学界公认的物种起源的学说。

但是为什么同一个物种又可以存在很长的时间甚至多达几亿年,是什么能够让我们如此像我们的父辈先祖呢?

是基因的缘故吗?

在1865年,孟德尔在豌豆杂交实验中发现,杂交豌豆子一代后代的高茎矮茎性状遵循3:1的规律,其他几种区别明显的性状也遵循相同的规律。

于是孟德尔提出了分离定律,即在生物的体细胞中,控制同一性状的遗传因子成对存在,不相融合,具有显隐性关系;在形成配子时,成对的遗传因子发生分离,分离后的遗传因子分别进入不同的配子中,随配子遗传给后代。

后来他研究豌豆种子颜色及表皮光滑程度这两对性状时又发现了自由组合定律,即当具有两对(或更多对)相对性状的亲本进行杂交,在子一代产生配子时,在一对遗传因子分离的同时,控制另一对性状的遗传因子表现为自由组合。

1909年,丹麦遗传学家约翰逊提出用“基因”代替“遗传因子”一词,这之后人们一直在探索基因到底在哪里。

从1909年到1928年,美国科学家摩尔根利用果蝇作为实验材料研究基因在哪里,果蝇只有四对染色体,是研究遗传很好的实验材料。

摩尔根(1866-1945)与果蝇

偶然的机会,他得到一只白眼雄性突变果蝇,与红眼雌性果蝇交配后,子一代都是红眼果蝇,按照孟德尔的学说,红眼基因相对白眼基因是显性,他用第一代杂交果蝇互相交配,产生第二代杂交果蝇。其中有3470个红眼的,782个白眼的,基本符合3:1的比例。

按照孟德尔的自由组合规律,那些长着白眼的果蝇,它们的性别应当是有雄性的,也有雌性的。但是,这些白眼果蝇居然全部是雄性,没有一只是雌性的。也就是说,突变出来的白眼基因伴随着性别遗传。

果蝇的4对染色体中,有一对是决定性别的。其中雌性果蝇中的两条性染色体完全一样,记为XX染色体;雄性果蝇中的性染色体一大一小,记为XY染色体。摩尔根判断,白眼基因位于X染色体上,也就证明了基因是在染色体上的。

基因的本质是什么?

有三个经典实验证明了基因的本质是DNA。

格里菲斯以R型和S型菌株作为实验材料进行遗传物质的实验,他将活的、无毒的RⅡ型(无荚膜,菌落粗糙型)肺炎双球菌或加热杀死的有毒的SⅢ型肺炎双球菌注入小白鼠体内,结果小白鼠安然无恙;将活的、有毒的SⅢ型(有荚膜,菌落光滑型)肺炎双球菌或大量经加热杀死的有毒的SⅢ型肺炎双球菌和少量无毒、活的RⅡ型肺炎双球菌混合后分别注射到小白鼠体内,结果小白鼠患病死亡,并从小白鼠体内分离出活的SⅢ型菌。

1928年英人Grffth所做的有关肺炎双球菌转化的实验

格里菲斯称这一现象为转化作用,实验表明,SⅢ型死菌体内有一种物质能引起RⅡ型活菌转化产生SⅢ型菌,这种转化的物质格里菲斯称为转化因子。

在1945年,加拿大生物化学家艾弗里和他的合作者在纽约进行细菌转化的研究,实验材料是肺炎链球菌,他们从SⅢ型活菌体内提取DNA、RNA、蛋白质和荚膜多糖,将它们分别和 RⅡ型活菌混合均匀后注射入小白鼠体内,结果只有注射SⅢ型菌DNA和RⅡ型活菌的混合液的小白鼠才死亡,结果说明,使细菌性状发生转化的因子是DNA(即脱氧核糖核酸),而不是蛋白质或RNA(即核糖核酸)。

1952年赫尔希和蔡丝用放射性同位素35S标记蛋白质,32P标记DNA。

宿主菌细胞分别放在含35S或含32P的培养基中。宿主细胞在生长过程中就被35S或32P标记上了。然后用分别被35S或32P标记的细菌,并在这些细菌中复制增殖,使子代噬菌体蛋白质外壳和DNA分别被标记上35S和32P。用分别被35S和32P标记的噬菌体去感染没有被放射性同位素标记的宿主菌,然后测定宿主菌细胞带有的同位素。

被35S标记的噬菌体所感染的宿主菌细胞内很少有35S,而大多数35S出现在宿主菌细胞的外面。

也就是说,35S标记的噬菌体蛋白质外壳在感染宿主菌细胞后,并未进入宿主菌细胞内部而是留在细胞外面。

被32P标记的噬菌体感染宿主菌细胞后,测定宿主菌的同位素,发现32P主要集中在宿主菌细胞内。所以噬菌体感染宿主菌细胞时进入细胞内的主要是DNA,即DNA是遗传物质。

DNA的结构长什么样?

1952年,奥地利裔美国生物化学家查伽夫测定了DNA中4种碱基的含量,发现其中腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶的数量相等,鸟嘌呤与胞嘧啶的数量相等。4种碱基之间存在着两两对应的关系,腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶配对、鸟嘌呤与胞嘧啶配对。

1953年2月,沃森、克里克通过维尔金斯看到了富兰克林在1951年11月拍摄的一张十分漂亮的DNA晶体X射线衍射照片,这激发了他们的灵感。

他们不仅确认了DNA一定是螺旋结构,而且分析得出了螺旋参数。

他们采用了富兰克琳和威尔金斯的判断,并加以补充:磷酸根在螺旋的外侧构成两条多核苷酸链的骨架,方向相反;碱基在螺旋内侧,两两对应,从而建立了DNA双螺旋结构的模型。

接着克里克又提出了

遗传信息传递的“中心法则”:遗传信息从DNA传递给RNA,再从RNA传递给蛋白质,即完成遗传信息的转录和翻译过程;也可以从DNA传递给DNA,即完成DNA的复制过程。这是所有有细胞结构的生物所遵循的共同法则。

蛋白质合成的“中心法则”

由DNA转录出的RNA上具有翻译成蛋白质氨基酸链的密码。

遗传密码子是三联体密码:一个密码子由信使核糖核酸(mRNA)上相邻的三个碱基组成。密码子具有通用性:不同的生物密码子基本相同,共用一套密码子。

当知道DNA上的信息能够编码出蛋白质,行使生命的功能,美国病毒学家杜尔贝科提出了人类基因组计划,测定人类的全部基因序列就可以知道许多疾病的发病机理,对于人类自身的了解也能更进一步。

治疗疾病的福音?

也正是因为发现了能够剪切和连接DNA双螺旋结构的限制性内切酶及DNA连接酶,基因工程技术出现了。

基因工程能够让科学家自由的编辑基因,表达基因,在生物体上实现基因的重组,从而也就出现了许许多多性状改良的转基因动植物,改变了我们的生活。

并且我们还可以在基因水平上控制某些疾病基因的表达,从而治愈疾病。

遗传病的基因治疗是指应用基因工程技术将正常基因引入患者细胞内,以纠正致病基因的缺陷而根治遗传病。

纠正的途径既可以是原位修复有缺陷的基因,也可以是用有功能的正常基因转入细胞基因组的某一部位,以替代缺陷基因来发挥作用,它是将人的正常基因或有治疗作用的基因,通过一定方式导入人体靶细胞以纠正基因的缺陷或者发挥治疗作用,从而达到治疗疾病目的的生物医学高技术。

由于基因是携带生物遗传信息的基本功能单位,是位于染色体上的一段特定序列,想要将外源的基因导入生物细胞内必须借助一定的技术方法或载体,基因转移的方法也就分为生物学方法、物理方法和化学方法。

与常规治疗方法不同:一般意义上疾病的治疗针对的是因基因异常而导致的各种症状,而基因治疗针对的是疾病的根源——异常的基因本身。基因治疗主要是治疗那些对人类健康威胁严重的疾病,包括:遗传病(如血友病、囊性纤维病、家庭性高胆固醇血症等)、恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病、感染性疾病(如艾滋病、类风湿等)。

基因治疗有两种形式:

1.生殖细胞基因治疗:理想的方法是生殖细胞基因治疗(germ cell gene therapy),即将正常基因转移到患者的生殖细胞(精细胞、卵细胞中早期胚胎)使其发育成正常个体。实际上,这种靶细胞的遗传修饰至今尚无实质性进展。基因的这种转移一般只能用显微注射,而且效率不高,并且只适用排卵周期短而次数多的动物,这难适用于人类。而在人类实行基因转移到生殖细胞,并世代遗传,又涉及伦理学问题。因此,就人类而言,多不考虑生殖细胞的基因治疗途径。

2.体细胞基因治疗:体细胞基因治疗(somatic cell gene therapy)是指将正常基因转移到体细胞,使之表达基因产物,以达到治疗目的。这种方法的理想措施是将外源正常基因导入靶体细胞内染色体特定基因座位,用健康的基因确切地替换异常的基因,使其发挥治疗作用,同时还须减少随机插入引起新的基因突变的可能性。目前对特定座位基因转移,还有很大困难,所以体细胞基因治疗采用将基因转移到基因组上非特定座位,即随机整合,只要该基因能有效地表达出其产物,便可达到治疗的目的。这不是修复基因结构异常而是补偿异常基因的功能缺陷,这种策略易于获得成功。基因治疗中作为受体细胞的体细胞,多采取离体的体细胞,先在体外接受导入的外源基因,在有效表达后,再输回到体内,这也就是间接基因治疗法。

基因与克隆技术

DNA是遗传物质,能够指导新生命的产生。

将含有遗传物质的供体细胞的核移植到去除了细胞核的卵细胞中,利用微电流刺激等使两者融合为一体,然后促使这一新细胞分裂繁殖发育成胚胎,当胚胎发育到一定程度后,再被植入动物子宫中使动物怀孕,便可产下与提供细胞核者基因相同的动物,这也就是克隆技术。

克隆技术不需要雌雄交配,不需要精子和卵子的结合,只需从动物身上提取一个单细胞,用人工的方法将其培养成胚胎,再将胚胎植入雌性动物体内,就可孕育出新的个体。这种以单细胞培养出来的克隆动物,具有与单细胞供体完全相同的特征,是单细胞供体的“复制品”。

目前,生产哺乳动物克隆的方法主要有胚胎分割和细胞核移植两种。

科学家伊恩·威尔默特与克隆羊“多利”

1996年7月5日英国英格兰科学家首先培养出了克隆羊“多利”。 它是世界上第一例经体细胞核移植出生的动物,是克隆技术领域研究的巨大突破,其后各国科学家培育的各种克隆动物,采用的都是细胞核移植技术。

所谓细胞核移植,是指将不同发育时期的胚胎或成体动物的细胞核,经显微手术和细胞融合方法移植到去核卵母细胞中,重新组成胚胎并使之发育成熟的过程。

与胚胎分割技术不同,细胞核移植技术,特别是细胞核连续移植技术可以产生无限个遗传相同的个体。由于细胞核移植是产生克隆动物的有效方法,故人们往往把它称为动物克隆技术。

这一巨大进展意味着:在理论上证明了,同植物细胞一样,分化了的动物细胞核也具有全能性,在分化过程中细胞核中的遗传物质没有不可逆变化;在实践上证明了,利用体细胞进行动物克隆的技术是可行的,将有无数相同的细胞可用来作为供体进行核移植,并且在与卵细胞相融合前可对这些供体细胞进行一系列复杂的遗传操作,从而为大规模复制动物优良品种和生产转基因动物提供了有效方法。

什么是干细胞

在细胞水平上对于疾病的治疗,如今主要利用的是干细胞。

干细胞是一类未分化的生物细胞,它可以在一定条件下分化成各种特异类型的细胞,比如神经细胞、肝脏细胞、肌细胞等,并且它也可以自我复制产生更多的干细胞。

干细胞就像西游记里的孙悟空可以七十二变,它对于我们生命的修复具有非常高的利用价值。

最早期的干细胞叫胚胎干细胞,是从早期胚胎中分离出来的一类细胞,它具有分化为机体任何一种组织器官的潜能,在一定条件下,这些细胞可以在体外无限的增殖传代,同时还保持其全能性。

1981年,英国的Evans和Kaufman首次从小鼠的囊胚(未成形的胚胎)中分离出能够在体外培养的胚胎干细胞,并因此获得了诺贝尔奖。

胚胎干细胞的应用主要有以下几点:

第一,用于细胞治疗,如今比较成功的应用是视网膜的重建,比如将胚胎干细胞定向分化成视网膜细胞,把它接种到视网膜上之后可以使视网膜受损的病人重见光明。

第二,用于组织器官的移植,比如构建人工心脏,人工肾脏等。

第三,用于生产转基因的动物等。

显微镜下的人体胚胎干细胞。(来源:人民日报)

胚胎干细胞虽然拥有巨大应用前景,但同时有许多因素制约着胚胎干细胞的应用。

首先是伦理问题,胚胎干细胞的细胞系建立的过程中需要破坏受精卵或囊胚,在许多国家和民族的信仰中,受精卵或囊胚就是生命。这种治疗方式让世界上许多人无法接受。

其次是免疫排斥问题,从胚胎细胞诱导分化而来的功能性细胞对于患者来说属于异体细胞,当这种细胞移植入病人体内容易引发免疫排斥反应,而想要获得免疫源性相匹配的胚胎细胞又非常困难。

此外干细胞无限增殖的特性也使它在应用过程中有成瘤的风险。

自2006年,日本的科学家Takahasi 和Yamanaka 使用转基因技术将人和小鼠的皮肤细胞转变成多能性的干细胞(ipsCs),因而除正常发育、分化获得某种特定细胞外,我们还可以用个体自身的体细胞,诱导为多能性干细胞再分化得到特定细胞。

由于ipsCs的诱人的应用前景,很快在2012年这两位科学家就获得了诺贝尔奖。干细胞的定向分化已经是科研领域的一大热点,如今在实验室中已经有许多种类的细胞在体外被分化出来,比如神经细胞,胰岛素细胞,心肌细胞等。

人工合成生命的实现?

科学家的脚步不会只停留在对于生命的改造,科学家们也在思考是否可以利用非生命的物质创造出生命。

2010年美国科学家向世界宣布的、首例人工合成生命——完全由人造基因控制的单细胞细菌诞生。它向人工合成生命形式迈出了关键一步。同时美国也开始了人工合成染色体计划,继而是人工合成细胞计划,人工合成生命体。

(图片来源:电影《人兽杂交》)

这是人工创造生命的一个大胆的情景。如今随着生命技术的发展我们可以解决许多问题,但是同样在未来可能会带来许多的灾难。比如人类基因组计划引发伦理、法律和社会问题;克隆人和人兽杂交克隆造成伦理观念的冲击;人造生命可能造成危险的物种及致命病毒的大流行等。

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在此留言
评论区 (13)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=104287, encodeId=2b5110428e86, content=这篇资讯写的真好,带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 10:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=103968, encodeId=8f33103968a3, content=这篇资讯写的真好,带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 01:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102476, encodeId=38cf1024e6c9, content=阅读了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 07:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102419, encodeId=79e810241915, content=不知道是不是好事!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160821/IMG57B9667502B1F9208.jpg, createdBy=7a291940143, createdName=茶马古道, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 23:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101932, encodeId=41f510193252, content=基因这个问题很奇妙!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Aug 21 13:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1620104, encodeId=f5c6162010434, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581624e8522' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人工合成#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24785, encryptionId=581624e8522, topicName=人工合成)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智慧医人, createdTime=Sun Aug 21 08:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101810, encodeId=136c10181063, content=这篇很详细,基本介绍了整个发展历程, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 22:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101462, encodeId=60de101462b2, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-26 李东泽

    这篇资讯写的真好,带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

    0

  2. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160821/IMG57B9667502B1F9208.jpg, createdBy=7a291940143, createdName=茶马古道, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 23:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101932, encodeId=41f510193252, content=基因这个问题很奇妙!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Aug 21 13:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1620104, encodeId=f5c6162010434, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581624e8522' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人工合成#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24785, encryptionId=581624e8522, topicName=人工合成)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智慧医人, createdTime=Sun Aug 21 08:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101810, encodeId=136c10181063, content=这篇很详细,基本介绍了整个发展历程, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/12/17/3872cad7a53dc9dcbd08202fb6313cf4.jpg, createdBy=2cb71609450, createdName=KO229256262, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 22:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101462, encodeId=60de101462b2, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-26 李东泽

    这篇资讯写的真好,带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

    0

  3. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160821/IMG57B9667502B1F9208.jpg, createdBy=7a291940143, createdName=茶马古道, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 23:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101932, encodeId=41f510193252, content=基因这个问题很奇妙!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160817/IMG57B3C3F6DC2FD8753.jpg, createdBy=81321934679, createdName=1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Aug 21 13:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1620104, encodeId=f5c6162010434, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581624e8522' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人工合成#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, 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likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-23 刘煜

    阅读了。

    0

  4. 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likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-22 茶马古道

    不知道是不是好事!

    0

  5. 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likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-21 1e0d99ddm02(暂无匿称)

    基因这个问题很奇妙!

    0

  6. 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  7. 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likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-20 KO229256262

    这篇很详细,基本介绍了整个发展历程

    0

  8. 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likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-20 午夜星河

    好好学习

    0

  9. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-20 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

  10. 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likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 14:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101327, encodeId=111310132efa, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Aug 20 13:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=101328, encodeId=9479101328da, content=继续关注, 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