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拿到毕业证就能看病?从医学院毕业生到好医生的路有多长

2015-08-12 李伟 健康点

误诊之痛不幸的是,据估计在美国每年因误诊所导致的医院内死亡病例在4万到8万之间,其中尸检确认存在致命诊断错误的占比约5%,而这些病例如果诊断准确再辅以恰当的治疗则可以避免病人白白送命。而在门诊诊疗中,每年20个美国成年病人中有1个被误诊,其中一半会导致病情恶化。进一步分析发现,在全部医疗不良事件中,因病人评价和诊断推理上的缺陷所导致的占17%。误诊不仅仅可能夺走病人生命,还耗费大量金钱。2011年

误诊之痛

不幸的是,据估计在美国每年因误诊所导致的医院内死亡病例在4万到8万之间,其中尸检确认存在致命诊断错误的占比约5%,而这些病例如果诊断准确再辅以恰当的治疗则可以避免病人白白送命。而在门诊诊疗中,每年20个美国成年病人中有1个被误诊,其中一半会导致病情恶化。进一步分析发现,在全部医疗不良事件中,因病人评价和诊断推理上的缺陷所导致的占17%。误诊不仅仅可能夺走病人生命,还耗费大量金钱。2011年有方面声称误诊所导致的损失估计高达1020亿美元到1540亿美元。

上述统计数字表明,当前的医生培训过程存在重大缺陷,凸显出提升临床教学水平和对诊断推理进行评估的重要性。



症结所在

传统上,诊断推理以学徒方式传授,通过围绕病人病情分析的一系列对话来展现复杂的临床推理过程,而这些恰恰构成了有经验的临床医生做决断的基础。大多数传授以间接形式进行,因为诊断过程几乎没有直白的指导或能被准确描述。

不过,传统的临床学徒方式有着明显的局限性:

研究生医学教育鉴定委员会(ACGME)的住院医师工作时限导致了住院医生的值班时间以及同学生的接触时间减少了56%,学生查看临床病史以及身体检查结果的时间减少了40%。规定工作时限的初衷是为了避免缺觉的住院医师没有精力照看病人,但是这也削弱了住院医师与学生间的师徒制培训。

学生们遇到的病人多是随机散发的,或不能提供最优的临床资源组合,无法让他们积累对最常见临床症状的必要广度的知识和经验。而一些医学院借助多家医院开展临床见习,使得这一问题更加突出。

学生和住院医师的轮班时间较短,或许没有机会看到他们评估治疗的病人的最终效果。由于病人可及性和多元性的下降,这一问题更为恶化,因为住院收治病例中进行诊断评估的要少于接受治疗的,而且美国病人平均住院时间从1970年的7.8天下降到2013年的4.6天。再加上由于缺乏随访,临床医生倾向于认为他们的诊断和治疗决定是正确的,有可能使他们产生过度自信。

最后,许多临床老师虽然是诊断专家,但是缺少清楚直白地讲述他们思考过程的培训和技巧。

还有另外一个导致诊断推理错误的主要因素是,医学院仍将教学重点集中于疾病本身和疾病进展,而在确认和诊断现行症状上花时间不够。以疾病为焦点的医学教育,又通过大多数医学教科书得到强化,通常是借助身体系统和疾病进程方法。



由于传统的“老师带徒弟”方法存在的种种缺陷,学生们如何能学会诊断推理?医学生们如何能学到特定症状是与哪些种类疾病相伴相生,这样他们就可以开始进行宽泛的鉴别诊断,从而将疏忽导致的诊断错误最小化?他们如何学到减小鉴别范围的关键问题?他们在哪里学习如何寻找疾病特定的线索、风险因素、相关病症以及种种迹象,以进一步修正对疾病的诊断?他们如何学会高效节约的检查策略,以证实诊断猜测?医学院有没有花足够的时间来探讨检查的准确性以及如何对检查结果进行解读,尤其是当检查结果与临床评估不一致的时候?

破解之道

医学院的课程设置长期以来聚焦于疾病本身,特别是疾病的经典呈现方式,这对学生很有坏处。鉴别诊断和临床推理是医生两大必备技能,如果传授和评估得当的话,能够减少误诊的数量。

医学教学应该将传授知识与临床诊断技能有机融合。总之,并非医生们“关于疾病的百科全书般的知识积累有助于治病救人,而是他们能否向福尔摩斯一样诊断疾病起到关键作用,比如问正确的问题,解读身体检查结果,进行正确的检验,将所有结果综合起来得出正确的诊断结论。”培养这些重要的思维技巧是医学教育改革的核心目标,打造一支很好掌握诊断推理技巧的医生队伍,以满足不断增长的医疗需求。

美国的医学院已经开始将在线病人模拟纳入教学内容,以解决传统医学教育所碰到的许多挑战,并且允许学生进行自主学习,以解决仅凭课堂学习和考场考试所带来的经验不足问题。学生测试和评估也必须进行变革,从注重死记硬背向在临床场景中更为动态地处置病人病情转变,可以通过标准化病人、模拟或其他方式实现。

总而言之,随着医学知识不断累计拓展,而治疗方法也变得更加个性化、更复杂,需要投入更多的时间和精力才能真正掌握“悬壶济世”的艺术。


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    2015-08-13 pine007

    路吗漫长其修远兮

    0

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    2015-08-12 zhouanxiu

    路上成长

    0

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    2015-08-12 ghamdi2

    医学生距离医生其实还有相当长的路要走

    0

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