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JAMAD:皮肤直接免疫荧光法的临床和实验室应用评价

2021-10-16 医路坦克 MedSci原创

免疫荧光(IF)可以识别组织或体液中的抗原结合抗体。皮肤科使用的IF分析有两种类型:直接IF(DIF)和间接IF。在DIF分析中,荧光标记的抗体被用来检测患者皮肤中免疫反应物沉积的存在

      免疫荧光(IF)可以识别组织或体液中的抗原结合抗体。20世纪40年代首次应用于检测组织微生物,随后开发了诊断自身免疫性疾病的方法,皮肤科使用的IF分析有两种类型:直接IF(DIF)和间接IF。在更常用的DIF分析中,荧光标记的抗体被用来检测患者皮肤中免疫反应物沉积的存在。

DIF常规用于诊断原发性免疫性疾病(类天疱疮组、获得性大疱性表皮松解症、天疱疮组、线状IgA大疱病和疱疹样皮炎)。

类天疱疮和天疱疮亚型的确定可以通过结合组织苏木精-伊红(H&E)染色和临床表现的分析结果,以及在必要时使用间接IF和/或酶联免疫分析来进一步确定。

DIF可用于疑似血管炎患者的检查,主要用于评估疑似全身受累的IgA血管炎(过敏性紫癜)患者的IgA血管炎。

DIF还用于诊断扁平苔藓、卟啉病和结缔组织病(CTD)。在对疑似CTD患者的评估中,红斑狼疮(LE)患者报告最常见的免疫反应物是基底膜区域持续的颗粒状IgM,通常还伴有连续的颗粒状C3沉积。此外,在暴露在阳光下的大约20%的健康人皮肤样本中可以看到IgM和C3的颗粒状沉积,有或没有IgG、IgA和纤维蛋白,在其他CTD(包括皮肌炎)中也可以看到IgM和C3的颗粒性沉积。

     不同实验室之间的特定DIF方案存在差异,一些实验室已经停止使用抗白蛋白抗体,但许多诊断实验室仍然在所有DIF活检中使用6组抗体方案。为了更好地了解使用全抗体板进行DIF的临床实用性和诊断价值,该文比较了8年来提交给马萨诸塞州总医师组织(MGPO)皮肤病理学联合实验室的DIF活检中与提交诊断相关的每种免疫反应物的阳性频率。

     在这项研究中,共有2050份样本来自2041名个体患者的活组织检查,并同时进行DIF。其中阳性367例(17.9%)。活检结果按以下临床表现分类:类天疱疮(714例(34.8%)),免疫性/水泡性疾病NOS(552例(26.9%)),疱疹样皮炎(239例(11.7%)),血管炎(210例(10.2%),CTD(209例(10.2%)),天疱疮(73例(3.6%)),扁平苔藓(24例(1.2%)),线状IgA病(15例[0.7%])。在所有活组织检查中,DIF对疑似临床实体呈阳性的病例寥寥无几(表1)。偶尔,为特定免疫球蛋白疾病提交的DIF样本显示出与临床怀疑的不同的免疫球蛋白紊乱阳性(46[2.2%])

    

基于对皮肤病DIF免疫反应物模式的广泛临床经验和本研究结果,该文建议使用DIF检测和评估如下:

1. 在疑似免疫球蛋白疾病中,仅限于IgG、IgA和C3,在疑似血管炎中仅限于IgA、C3和纤维蛋白。

2. 2.对技术人员进行针对提交诊断量身定做的DIF方案的使用方面的教育,包括需要3种抗体而不是所有抗体的特定临床鉴别诊断列表

3. 在适当的非特异性的情况下(即免疫性空洞病NOS),可能需要在基础IgG、IgA和C3组中添加IgM和纤维蛋白。根据临床病理相关性添加1种或1种以上抗体不应导致诊断的实质性延迟,这种额外的检测也不会对提供给患者的治疗产生负面影响。

4. 这些数据突显了知识差距和采用更高价值、更具成本意识的DIF临床使用的机会。

对单一机构的DIF活检结果的综合评估发现,对于所有的DIF活检,使用6种抗体进行反射性抗体检测的标准做法是不必要的。为提交诊断量身定做的DIF方案可以在不损失检测灵敏度和特异性的情况下提高成本效益。

 

文献来源:Reimann JDR,  Moynihan SP,  Horn TD,Assessment of Clinical and Laboratory Use of the Cutaneous Direct Immunofluorescence Assay,JAMA Dermatol 2021 Oct 06;

 

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