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Nat Biotechnol:新型3D疫苗横扫癌症及艾滋病

2014-12-10 何嫱 生物通

癌症如此致命的一个原因是它可以逃避机体免疫系统的攻击,使得肿瘤能够旺盛生长及扩散。科学家们一直在设法尝试利用免疫疗法来诱导免疫系统进入到抗癌攻击模式,建立起对癌细胞的长期免疫抵抗。 现在,来自Wyss生物启发工程研究所和哈佛大学工程与应用科学学院的研究人员证实,非手术注射可在体内自发组装成3D结构的一些可编程生物材料,可以对抗甚至帮助预防癌症以及诸如艾滋病一类的传染病。他们的研究结果发表在《自然

癌症如此致命的一个原因是它可以逃避机体免疫系统的攻击,使得肿瘤能够旺盛生长及扩散。科学家们一直在设法尝试利用免疫疗法来诱导免疫系统进入到抗癌攻击模式,建立起对癌细胞的长期免疫抵抗。

现在,来自Wyss生物启发工程研究所和哈佛大学工程与应用科学学院的研究人员证实,非手术注射可在体内自发组装成3D结构的一些可编程生物材料,可以对抗甚至帮助预防癌症以及诸如艾滋病一类的传染病。他们的研究结果发表在《自然生物技术》(Nature Biotechnology)杂志上。

研究的资深作者、Wyss研究所核心成员、哈佛大学工程与应用科学学院生物工程教授David Mooney博士说:“我们可以构建出一些3D结构,通过微创传送来富集和激活宿主的免疫细胞,在体内靶向和攻击有害细胞。”

研究人员将这些由二氧化硅制成的、可生物降解的微小杆状结构命名为介孔二氧化硅棒(mesoporous silica rods, MSRs)。MSRs可以装载一些生物和化学药物成分,通过注射传送到皮肤下。这些介孔二氧化硅棒会在接种部位自发形成一种三维支架,就像一盒火柴在桌上堆成一堆那样。MSRs堆中的多孔空隙非常的大,以致可以招募和填充树突状细胞。树突状细胞是一种负责监视人体的重要免疫细胞,当检测到有害物存在时其会触发免疫反应。

共同主要作者、Wyss研究所前博士后研究人员、韩国成均馆大学化学工程系助理教授Jaeyun Kim博士说:“研究人员曾构建出一些纳米尺寸的介孔二氧化硅颗粒用于从内部操控单个细胞,但这是第一次采用微米大小的较大颗粒在体内构建出一种3D支架,其可以招募和吸引数百万计的免疫细胞。”

在实验室中合成的这些MSRs内部具有一些称作为纳米孔(nanopore)的小孔。纳米孔中可以填充特异的细胞因子、寡核苷酸、大蛋白抗原,或是任何种类的关注药物,允许以大量可能的组合来治疗广泛的感染。

论文的共同主要作者、哈佛大学工程与应用科学学院研究生Aileen Li说:“尽管现在我们的重点是开发一种癌症疫苗,在未来我们可能能够通过利用MSRs释放不同种类的细胞因子,操控将哪种类型的树突状细胞或其他类型的免疫细胞招募到这一3D支架中。通过调整MSRs的表面特性和孔的大小,由此控制导入和释放各种蛋白质及药物,我们可以操控免疫系统来治疗多种疾病。”

一旦这一3D支架招募到来自机体的树突状细胞,MSRs中包含的药物就会被释放出来,松开它们的“监督”触发器,启动免疫反应。激活的树突状细胞会离开支架,移行到淋巴结,在那里它们发出警报,指挥机体免疫系统攻击如癌细胞等特异细胞。在数月内注射部位的MSRs会自然地发生生物降解及分解。

尽管迄今为止研究人员还只在小鼠中测试了这一3D疫苗,却发现它非常高效。一项实验表明,这些可注射3D支架在宿主小鼠体内招募和吸引了数百万计的树突状细胞,然后这些细胞分散到淋巴结,触发了强有力的免疫反应。

这些疫苗的制造容易且快速,因此当面对一种新兴传染病时它们有可能能够非常快速且广泛地得到应用。“我们预计这些3D疫苗能够广泛应用于许多情况下,它们的可注射特性使得易于在诊所内外给药,”Mooney说。

由于这些疫苗是通过触发免疫反应来起作用,这种方法可用于在感染之前通过建立机体的免疫抵抗来预防疾病。

Wyss 研究所创始主任Donald Ingber 博士说:“利用可编程生物材料,这种可注射免疫疗法是传送靶向治疗一种强大的工具,且预防保健可以帮助对抗一系列的致死性感染,包括全球的常见杀手如HIV和埃博拉病毒以及癌症。这些可注射3 D疫苗提供了一种微创且可扩展的方式来传送治疗,在以往逃避免疫检测的一些疾病中通过模拟机体自身的强大免疫反应来起作用。”

原始出处

Kim J1, Li WA2, Choi Y3, Lewin SA4, Verbeke CS2, Dranoff G5, Mooney DJ2.Injectable, spontaneously assembling, inorganic scaffolds modulate immune cells in vivo and increase vaccine efficacy.Nat Biotechnol. 2014 Dec 8

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    2015-09-02 cathymary
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    2015-09-22 智慧医人
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    2015-04-15 liye789132251
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    2015-11-05 shock_melon
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