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心血管疾病患者不宜使用含麻黄碱的感冒药和止咳药!

2016-12-23 翟晓波 上海市东方医院药学部 上海药讯(微信号:shwjwyzc)

心血管疾病患者服药需谨慎!这要从本人作为一名临床药师在实践中遇到两个案例说起。案例1:58岁男性,有高血压史3年,最高达170/110mmHg,平素血压控制可。有30多年吸烟史,每天 1包。否认其他疾病史。某年10月25日来我院就诊,查血象偏高,胸片示左下肺炎。医生予抗菌药控制感染,另予复方磷酸可待因溶液 10ml tid po(10.25~11.4)止咳。10月26日患者开始感觉左下肢疼痛,10

心血管疾病患者服药需谨慎!这要从本人作为一名临床药师在实践中遇到两个案例说起。

案例1:58岁男性,有高血压史3年,最高达170/110mmHg,平素血压控制可。有30多年吸烟史,每天 1包。否认其他疾病史。某年10月25日来我院就诊,查血象偏高,胸片示左下肺炎。医生予抗菌药控制感染,另予复方磷酸可待因溶液 10ml tid po(10.25~11.4)止咳。10月26日患者开始感觉左下肢疼痛,10月27日出现左下肢肿胀。11月3日,B超示左侧下肢静脉血栓形成伴不完全梗阻。

案例2:56岁男性,自诉有高脂血症史,吸烟史20年,近来每天3-5支。否认高血压糖尿病、冠心病、慢支等慢性病史。某年2月16日出现高热,查血象偏高,胸片示左中肺炎。医师予抗菌药控制感染,并予苏黄止咳胶囊3粒tidpo(2月20日-2月23日)止咳。2月23日出现胸闷胸痛,心电图示窦性心动过速、S-T段异常(V2、V3、V4、V5、V6 斜上型抬高0.5-3 mm),心肌酶上升,确诊为冠心病、急性ST抬高型心肌梗死 KillipII级。

比较这两个案例后发现有共同点:


案例1中的复方可待因口服溶液和案例2中的苏黄止咳胶囊均包含麻黄碱。


1.麻黄碱(或伪麻黄碱)对肾上腺素α和β受体均有激动作用,可使皮肤、粘膜和内脏血管收缩,使血流阻力增大而血流量减少,易使组织缺血缺氧,造成血管内皮损伤,还可能导致静脉血流缓慢,从而激活凝血系统,促使血栓形成,成为下肢静脉血栓形成的诱发因素。

2.麻黄碱可兴奋心脏、收缩血管、升高血压,可增加心脏负荷,因此可增加包括急性心肌梗死在内的心脑血管疾病的发生风险。这两位患者分别发生了深静脉血栓和急性心梗,除与吸烟、高血脂、高血压、肺部感染等因素有关外,与摄入包含麻黄碱的止咳药有较大的相关性。



3.麻黄碱(或伪麻黄碱)因可以消除鼻黏膜充血和肿胀,常与各种感冒药配成复方制剂,用于消除鼻塞;因可以松弛支气管平滑肌,常与止咳化痰药配成复方制剂,用于痉挛性咳嗽。但应注意,麻黄碱禁用于高血压、冠心病、动脉硬化、心绞痛和甲状腺功能亢进患者。

有人认为,复方药物中包含麻黄碱的量较小故不会引发毒副反应,这是一种误解。予复方磷酸可待因溶液10ml tid po,相当于每天摄入麻黄碱24mg,而麻黄碱成人口服常规剂量为45-90mg,可见已达常用量的一半。再以日夜百服宁为例,每天最大剂量可用到8片,相当于摄入伪麻黄碱240mg,与伪麻黄碱每天的常用剂量相等。因此千万不可掉以轻心。

许多感冒药、止咳药中包含麻黄碱(或伪麻黄碱),识别的方法是,这些复方药物的名称中往往有“麻”、“伪麻”、“黄”等字样,如氯雷伪麻缓释胶囊(Ⅱ)、 氨酚伪麻氯汀片、氨麻美敏片、酚氯伪麻缓释片、氨酚伪麻美芬胶囊、氨麻美敏片Ⅱ、复方氯扑伪麻缓释片、麻黄碱苯海拉明片、复方麻黄碱色甘酸钠膜、美芬伪麻咀嚼片、美芬伪麻溴敏口服溶液、酚麻美软胶囊、复方枇杷氯化铵糖浆、贝敏伪麻胶囊、酚美愈伪麻口服溶液、复方氨酚愈敏口服溶液、苯酚伪麻片、呋麻滴鼻液、复方茶碱甲麻黄碱片、美扑伪麻颗粒、扑尔伪麻片、双分伪麻片(成人片)、复方甲麻口服溶液、美扑伪麻口服溶液、复方盐酸甲麻黄碱糖浆、曲美伪麻口服溶液、甲麻芩苷那敏片、美羧伪麻胶囊、沙芬伪麻咀嚼片、双酚伪麻糖浆、盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸甲麻黄碱片、美息伪麻拉明分散片、复方福尔可定糖浆。

有高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟等心血管疾病危险因素的患者,特别是已有冠心病、心绞痛,发生过急性心肌梗死、脑卒中等心脑血管疾病的患者,在使用感冒药、止咳药的时候要特别小心。去药店买药时要咨询药师,去医院开药时要向医师说明自己有心脑血管疾病,以避免使用含有麻黄碱(或伪麻黄碱)的药物,而应当口服不含麻黄碱(或伪麻黄碱)的感冒药及止咳药。

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    2017-04-16 songbq
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    2016-12-25 whmdzju
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    2016-12-25 anan

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