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新一代测序在癌症中的临床应用

2016-05-21 佚名 生物通

一提起癌症,人们往往谈虎色变。的确,癌症是全球发病和死亡的主要原因。据WHO统计,2012年有820万例癌症相关的死亡。所幸,DNA测序技术的快速发展正在改变我们对癌症的认识,也在转变癌症的筛查、诊断和治疗。 如今,新一代测序主要应用在癌症预防和治疗中的哪些方面?美国罕见病基因组研究所的研究人员不久前在《Frontiers in Genetics》杂志上进行了详细介绍。在这篇文章中,他们回顾

一提起癌症,人们往往谈虎色变。的确,癌症是全球发病和死亡的主要原因。据WHO统计,2012年有820万例癌症相关的死亡。所幸,DNA测序技术的快速发展正在改变我们对癌症的认识,也在转变癌症的筛查、诊断和治疗。


如今,新一代测序主要应用在癌症预防和治疗中的哪些方面?美国罕见病基因组研究所的研究人员不久前在《Frontiers in Genetics》杂志上进行了详细介绍。在这篇文章中,他们回顾了新一代测序近期的科研和临床应用,同时,他们强调了100%基因组测序的重要性,也就是测序高度重复的非编码序列。


利用新一代测序(NGS)技术,人们已经完成了多种癌症的外显子组测序和基因组测序,并提出了癌症分型的新标准。以乳腺癌为例,癌症基因组图谱(Cancer Genome Atlas)测序了510个乳腺癌外显子组,将其分为四个亚型:luminal A、 luminal B、HER2-enriched和basal-like。

测序所产生的信息让医生能够做出更好的诊断和治疗决策。在过去,乳腺癌是通过乳腺X光检查、体检和组织学来诊断的。BRCA1、BRCA2及其他生物标志物的发现让遗传学成为一个重要的考虑因素。如今,一些市售的芯片型检测能够根据生物标志物对乳腺癌进行更准确的分型。与诊断的改进相对应,癌症相关基因的鉴定也促进分子靶向疗法的开发,如赫赛汀,这是第一个特异针对HER2+乳腺癌的疗法。


随着NGS的成本接近1000美元,群体规模的基因组筛查也成为可能。一些研究人员用Illumina的HiSeq平台来检测肿瘤细胞系中的BRCA1、BRCA2和TP53。在这些研究中,NGS分析鉴定出所有已知的变异,且敏感性和特异性高于传染的诊断方法,证明了NGS作为诊断工具的有效性。同时,NGS生成的数据还允许基因相互作用的复杂分析。


目前,NGS在临床诊断中的应用可以分为三种方法:基因集合、全外显子组测序(WES)和全基因组测序(WGS)。在这些方法中,基因集合的应用时间最长,目前美国有超过16个实验室用它来检测遗传性癌症。这些集合的诊断率在20-51%,与外显子组或基因组方法相当。利用外显子组分析来诊断线粒体呼吸疾病和智力障碍,诊断率分别为60%和16%。其他基于外显子组分析的诊断率约在25-30%。基于基因组的诊断还相对较新,目前评估它的研究比较少。作者认为,随着我们对基因组的了解加深,诊断率将更高。


在治疗方面,NGS发现了数百个与癌症相关的基因,势必会揭开新的治疗靶点。如今,靶向治疗已经大大改变了许多癌症的治疗和管理。最著名的例子就是格列卫(imatinib),慢性粒细胞白血病的治疗剂(BCR-ABL);以及赫赛汀(trastuzumab),针对HER2阳性的乳腺癌。另一个有希望的靶向治疗是对去势难治性前列腺癌进行信号指导的雄激素受体治疗,这将让肿瘤增殖通路失活并抑制癌症发展。


由于循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)可被轻松获取,测序ctDNA成为分析肿瘤负荷和治疗效果的另一种有吸引力的方法。Murtaza等人测序了乳腺癌、肺癌和卵巢癌患者的ctDNA,以非侵入性的方法追踪了肿瘤基因组中的突变。此外,Dawson等人还证明,ctDNA的敏感性超过了其他的循环标志物。这些结果表明,ctDNA的NGS分析拥有筛查、诊断和临床决策的巨大潜力。


当然,研究人员和临床医生还面临许多挑战。随着大量数据的生成,医疗保健机构需要新的策略来解释数据。此外,由于医疗保健供应商、生物医药行业、保险公司以及学术研究之间存在着复杂的关系,测序普及的经济影响还不是很清楚。


最后作者还强调了100%基因组测序的重要性。研究表明,对非编码区域的研究有助于我们了解肿瘤发生的过程。完整的基因组测序也能揭示癌症中的表观遗传学改变,这在过去是无法获得的。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835622, encodeId=612f1835622e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Wed Nov 09 18:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105794, encodeId=06fe105e941a, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 21:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=105593, encodeId=ff0a1055931f, content=这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Aug 27 14:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86825, encodeId=b156868252c, content=肿瘤的精准治疗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=190, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f5b11304786, createdName=ljh0111, createdTime=Sun May 22 16:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86814, encodeId=8b7b86814c6, content=好文,随着测序费用降低,测序会成为科研的主流, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=203, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEIsrUxHnicsiaqwzJibCks60HOicbEAgbNzUiciboMJDzsWg16OHTeNHhyYvTg6TDXTlOx7icnhttCYYe2ujYt0yND7dYusOsibl9XnQCE/0, createdBy=7ad21722200, createdName=jaysppr, createdTime=Sun May 22 11:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86809, encodeId=80f2868094a, content=目前在有些测序上的敏感性还有一些问题。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=173, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun May 22 10:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-27 李东泽

    这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

    0

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    2016-08-27 李东泽

    这篇资讯带给我们新知识,启发新思维,不论是科研还是临床工作都有很大的帮助。。。

    0

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    2016-05-22 ljh0111

    肿瘤的精准治疗

    0

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    2016-05-22 jaysppr

    好文,随着测序费用降低,测序会成为科研的主流

    0

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    2016-05-22 lovetcm

    目前在有些测序上的敏感性还有一些问题。

    0

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