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这是最可能治愈癌症的疗法?

2017-04-25 袁端端 南方周末

近一年来,肿瘤免疫疗法毁誉参半,甚至被贴上监管缺位、行业混乱的标签。但这可能只是真相的一部分。这一疗法的其中一种,已被国内外不少专家认为是“最可能彻底治愈癌症的治疗方法”。


近一年来,肿瘤免疫疗法毁誉参半,甚至被贴上监管缺位、行业混乱的标签。但这可能只是真相的一部分。这一疗法的其中一种,已被国内外不少专家认为是“最可能彻底治愈癌症的治疗方法”。

2007年,年仅35岁的高中教师张琳被确诊为恶性黑色素瘤晚期,此后她“稀里糊涂地手术、放疗、化疗”,花费了上百万元,动了两次手术,肿瘤还是不可遏制地转移到肺部后,她选择了前往美国“最后一搏”。

往返中美治病4年之后,国内曾为她治疗的医生打来回访电话,确认她是否还活着。谁知,患癌10年后,她竟成为那批病友中的唯一幸存者。

一程又一程的战役,最终帮助她的是肿瘤免疫药物。这种治疗并不直接攻击癌细胞,而是借助患者自身的免疫系统来抗击疾病。

公众开始熟悉“肿瘤免疫疗法”,始于最近一年,媒体聚焦于这一肿瘤治疗领域,普遍认为疗效不明、监管缺位、行业混乱。但这可能只是真相的一部分。

2017年4月8日,CSCO中国首届肿瘤免疫治疗高峰论坛期间,中国知名免疫学家、中国工程院院士曹雪涛解释,肿瘤免疫治疗是许多治疗方法的总称,有免疫检查点(check point)疗法、细胞因子疗法、肿瘤疫苗和细胞治疗(如针对血液肿瘤的CAR-T),有的基本无效,譬如魏则西使用的DC-CIK疗法。

而张琳所接受的临床试验,则是上述的免疫检查点疗法。在曹雪涛看来,这一疗法对多种肿瘤已显现出疗效。

实际上,尽管外界舆论纷纷扰扰,但医学对癌症治疗的认识已彻底改变了。

1、“特定人群出乎意料的疗效”

过去的5年,越来越多像张琳一样的晚期癌症病人尝试了这类药物,从罕见的皮肤癌开始,到恶性淋巴瘤,以及肺癌、肾癌和膀胱癌等,现在全球正在进行的这类临床试验多达1200种。

“肿瘤医生张口不谈免疫治疗都不好意思说自己是肿瘤科医生,制药公司不做肿瘤免疫药物都不好意思说自己是做药的。”解放军八一医院副院长、全军肿瘤中心主任兼国家药物临床试验机构主任秦叔逵说。在上述肿瘤免疫治疗高峰论坛上,曹雪涛看到人挤人的会场后感叹道:“现在肿瘤免疫的会场越换越大,门口都站满了人。”

济南军区总医院副院长、肿瘤免疫专家王宝成是当天大会的主席,在他看来,肿瘤免疫如此受关注,是因为“在特定人群中能发挥出乎意料的疗效”。

在刚刚结束的2017年美国癌症研究学会年会上,首次公布了肿瘤免疫药物治疗的5年生存率:非小细胞肺癌晚期患者从4%上升到了16%,整整增加了3倍。

“这是我们使用免疫检查点抑制剂治疗后,转移性肿瘤患者的第一份长期报告。肿瘤免疫治疗出现以前,绝大多数晚期患者都在确诊后一年内去世了。”约翰?霍普金斯大学癌症免疫治疗研究所Julie Brahmer博士说。

人们对这一疗法已经进行了上百年的探索,但真正有标志意义的转折,是近几年多个肿瘤免疫药物的成功研发上市。因此,2013年《科学》杂志将肿瘤免疫疗法评为十大突破性科学成就之首。

以往,治疗癌症的思路都在攻击肿瘤和癌细胞上,从最开始的手术治疗到1970年代的放化疗,再到1990年代初的靶向治疗。但很多晚期肿瘤不能切除,化疗无效、放疗也起不到多大作用,靶向药也会耐药。

“肿瘤免疫治疗可以解决一些以往解决不了的问题,并在肿瘤的早、中、晚期都可以用。”王宝成说。最近一项国内外学者联合临床试验发现,对于晚期肺癌已经耐药的患者,在特定人群中,这一治疗的有效性甚至可以达到90%以上。

2、打击“免疫检查点”

张琳用的药物是“免疫检查点抑制剂”。这个听起来有些拗口的名词,是众多免疫疗法中目前最火,也最先有药品上市的一种。

2015年10月,美国哈佛医学院丹娜法伯癌症研究中心的医生问张琳,愿不愿意参加一项临床试验?“试验效果很可能优于现有的治疗方案,而且药品免费”。

这是采用两种最新的肿瘤免疫药物Yervoy(ipilimumab)和Opdivo(nivolumab)的联合治疗,药费一年就高达15万美元,但因为是临床试验,患者无需支付。

在张琳看来,这次治疗起到了神奇效果——大约3个月后,她转移到肺部的8毫米肿瘤“消失了”。起效的原因得从人体的免疫系统说起,在天生就肩负着杀死外界敌人和保护机体的作用的免疫细胞中,有一类专门负责杀伤癌细胞的被称为T细胞。但免疫系统并非总是行之有效,如果把人体免疫系统想成一条公路的话,在这条四通八达的道路上,免疫检查点就像是公路上的“稽查站”,“稽查警”会设卡拦截免疫细胞,有的使这些细胞停止增长,有的则会让它们衰弱死亡。一旦免疫系统被破坏,肿瘤出现,癌细胞疯长的同时也正是利用检查点机制来关闭免疫系统,导致肿瘤细胞逃脱免疫系统的监视和清除作用。

此后,科学家开始发现,只要抑制免疫检查点起作用就可以松开拦截,从而激发免疫系统恢复原有的抗癌能力。全球肿瘤免疫治疗的开拓者王常玉博士告诉南方周末记者,按照这一理论,如果能重新建立免疫监视的系统,肿瘤就很难复发了,而放化疗和靶向药都是无法控制复发的。

作为最早参与研发肿瘤免疫药物的科学家,王常玉2001年便在美国Medarex生物公司时,主持开发PD-1抑制剂,这一个产品后来成为了百时美施贵宝公司在2014年成功上市的全球首创药物(Nivolumab),现已被认为全球肿瘤治疗领域近40年来令人瞩目的新型抗癌药物。这也出乎他的意料:“我们知道会有效,但不知道起效的病人疗效会这么好。完全想不到。”

免疫检查点抑制剂已经成为目前国际上肿瘤免疫治疗的主要研究方向,也是国内外众多企业竞相角逐的市场。目前,国外已上市的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂、CTLA-4单克隆抗体五种新药均属于此类,覆盖肿瘤类型多达十余种。

2011年,全球首个抗CTLA-4抑制剂Ipilimumab上市,王常玉也是主要研发者之一。包括上述的Nivolumab,这两种药物都在全球超过40个地区批准,包括美国、日本和欧盟。但中国暂未上市。

“肿瘤免疫是一个大概念,有七大关键环节,每一个环节都蕴含着药物研发的机会。”曹雪涛指出。

3、意想不到的毒副作用

但这类药物并不能对所有人起效。

“一旦起效,效果会非常好,并且能长期维持,但这部分人现在只有20%。”前赛诺菲亚太研发总裁、基石药业CEO江宁军博士说,免疫检查点疗法尽管对多种类型的肿瘤都有效,但对同一种癌症,只有一些人奏效,而另一些人无效。这一直是困扰中外的难题,他们都在探索,如何精准找到这部分能起效的病人。

一开始,都只能忐忑不安地试。王宝成记得,他们在临床试验中,最初采用单一的免疫药物对某些晚期癌症患者盲治。

而药物的毒性和副作用是每种新药上市前最重要的评估,尽管相比以往的癌症治疗,肿瘤免疫的副作用要小得多,但突如其来的意外仍会令人措手不及。

王常玉回忆,在PD-1抑制剂首次人体试验时,尽管小心翼翼做好了重重预案,可突然出现了三例死亡案例,让他们“懵了”。

“我们知道免疫药物会引发肝炎、肠炎、关节炎等不良反应,都严密监测这些指标,但当时不知道也会引起肺炎。那三个人都是因此致死的。”王常玉想起来仍有遗憾,这也是导致之后的几年,PD-1药物进展缓慢的一大原因。2010年,关于肿瘤免疫的第一篇重磅临床研究成果才发表出来,王是作者之一。

张琳用药后,也并非一帆风顺。有一次去美国复查时,在波士顿的大街上直挺挺地晕了过去,醒来后,胳臂抬不起来、走不了路,还有中风迹象。

最难把握的是“有时会引起免疫系统的过度反应和肿瘤快速进展”。

秦叔逵在临床试验中用PD-1治疗肿瘤,短短两个月就有四例病人发生脑转移,这在他从医几十年间都很罕见。华中科技大学附属协和医院肿瘤科副主任刘莉也发现,PD-1联合放疗的一位患者出现了严重的间质性肺炎,“联合治疗也会增加毒性”。

在美国,医生最先观察到了有患者在PD-1抑制剂治疗期间肿瘤生长异常快,不过也有患者发现肿瘤长大了,但组织中没有发现癌细胞。不久前的一篇文章还发现,接受免疫治疗的30%的患者经历了“罕见或意想不到的副作用”,其中四分之一被描述为严重,危及生命或需要住院治疗的副反应。

“尽管这类药物很有前景,但毕竟才出现几年,有其不确定性,还需要进一步的研究和监测,进行更多的临床试验不断探索。”作为免疫学博士,江宁军很清楚激发免疫系统的强大力量的同时可能伴随的危险。

4、治愈是终极梦想

结束两种免疫药物四个周期治疗后,美国医生建议张琳继续参加另一种PD-1药物Keytruda(Pembrolizumab)的临床试验,这一药物也使美国前总统卡特的晚期黑色素瘤完全消失。

治愈,是最吸引中外学者、企业、科学家的一个词。张琳也提到,她去美国接受的,“是目前公认的最可能彻底治愈癌症的治疗方法”。

“原来医生想都不敢去想,简直是天方夜谭。”江宁军早年在美国做内科医生,深有感触。一年之前他放弃跨国药企亚太研发总裁的职务,开创了以肿瘤免疫治疗为核心的生物公司,正是看到了这样的潜能。

中国患者太需要这类药物了。中国恶性肿瘤发病率在全球中等偏上,最新数据显示,2013年,中国新发恶性肿瘤病例约368.2万例,死亡病例222.9万例,其中逾59万人死于肺癌。

“虽然中国人口占全球不足1/5,但一些肿瘤,例如肝癌的发病率、死亡率超过或接近全球一半。”秦叔逵说,现在跨国公司都非常重视中国市场,国内也有几十家企业在研发肿瘤免疫抑制剂。

一个现实原因是,中美人群肿瘤类型存在较大差别。一方面,中国与全球相同,肺癌、乳腺癌结肠癌、淋巴癌、前列腺癌高发,但同时中国也有自己特色的高发肿瘤,如鼻咽癌、肝细胞癌、食道癌、胃癌。如果都依赖国外,一些癌种可能会被忽视。

对创新靶点的高度竞争,还将大大缩短产品生命周期。江宁军举例,从前从针对HER2靶点的第一个乳腺癌药物赫赛汀到第二个的泰立沙,中间有近十年时间。如今针对PD1/PDL1,同时有多家竞争,新的技术支持在不断涌现,这都促使药企快速找到同一靶点的更优或全新靶点的产品。“尽管竞争更加激烈,但对病人来说,也意味着更大的福音。”

作为国家药物临床试验机构主任,秦叔逵还透露,国家药监部门正在酝酿新政,如果二期试验结果好,安全性有效性俱佳,这类药有可能加速上市,最快在2018年底可能出现。

“肿瘤免疫抑制剂的应用已经到了更为精准的‘2.0时代’。”王宝成告诉南方周末记者,不再盲目,以肺癌为例,他们会对病人的一些指标进行检测,预测指标如果是阳性,就更加精准了。

现在,联合治疗的时代也已来临:医生不仅仅只用一种免疫检查点药物,而会两种结合,或是一种免疫药物加上放化疗等其他方式联合治疗。“不太可能指望一种治疗单枪匹马把所有癌症都治好”。

2017年2月1日,医生笑着对张琳说,“你体内已经检测不出任何癌细胞,可以重新开始正常生活了”。她才感到自己十年抗癌路走到了尽头,真正战胜了癌症。

(为保护患者隐私,张琳为化名)

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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Wed Apr 26 08:18:09 CST 2017, time=2017-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=190653, encodeId=8065190653f8, content=肿瘤-肿瘤免疫-免疫检查点抑制剂-PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂、CTLA-4单抗-20%有效率,30%意外毒副作用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRryoiaM3hYcC93J7aWyPQ4d7aKyTcCfpOkf1Le6znZg6FNLRvoNRXwCeYVDCcNUA1odC3oD8SlzQ8/0, createdBy=30281833508, createdName=hippoandxym1727, createdTime=Wed Apr 26 07:25:40 CST 2017, time=2017-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=190499, encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-19 1dde4e6am60(暂无匿称)

    学习了

    0

  2. 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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-09 卡圣

    学习了,谢谢

    0

  3. 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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-06 卡圣

    学习了,谢谢

    0

  4. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Wed Apr 26 08:18:09 CST 2017, time=2017-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=190653, encodeId=8065190653f8, content=肿瘤-肿瘤免疫-免疫检查点抑制剂-PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂、CTLA-4单抗-20%有效率,30%意外毒副作用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRryoiaM3hYcC93J7aWyPQ4d7aKyTcCfpOkf1Le6znZg6FNLRvoNRXwCeYVDCcNUA1odC3oD8SlzQ8/0, createdBy=30281833508, createdName=hippoandxym1727, createdTime=Wed Apr 26 07:25:40 CST 2017, time=2017-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=190499, encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-04 卡圣

    学习了,谢谢

    0

  5. 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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-29 卡圣

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  6. 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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-27 卡圣

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  7. 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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-26 卡圣

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-26 天涯183

    非常好的文章,学习了很收益

    0

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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-26 hippoandxym1727

    肿瘤-肿瘤免疫-免疫检查点抑制剂-PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂、CTLA-4单抗-20%有效率,30%意外毒副作用

    0

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encodeId=f077190499e2, content=中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/16/3ae1e86599052c0bb20c612346853774.jpg, createdBy=1f402044809, createdName=1881ea7c1dm, createdTime=Tue Apr 25 16:52:53 CST 2017, time=2017-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-25 1881ea7c1dm

    中医药针灸提高患者的免疫力,免疫力提高了,肿瘤就被控制逐渐好转。中医药针灸才是根治肿瘤的根本。

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