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每个心血管科医生都应该知道的事情:外周动脉疾病的评估和处理

2021-08-11 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

随着老龄化社会的到来,PAD已成为临床中常见疾病,掌握相应部位PAD临床诊断线索,对PAD高危人群进行筛查,做到早期识别,及时干预,可减少心脑血管事件,改善预后,提高生活质量。

外周动脉疾病(PAD)通常是指除冠状动脉和主动脉以外的所有动脉疾病(包括颈动脉和椎动脉、腹腔和肠系膜动脉、肾动脉以及上肢和下肢动脉)的动脉粥样硬化性狭窄、闭塞。

PAD累及全身动脉,增加心脑血管疾病的发病率和死亡率,降低生活质量,且影响动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病血运重建策略的选择,因此,心血管科医生应重视PAD的诊治。

PAD与冠心病、缺血性脑血管病有共同的动脉粥样硬化危险因素,包括吸烟、高血压、血脂紊乱、糖尿病、自身免疫性疾病、缺乏运动等,所有的PAD患者都应该对以上危险因素进行筛查

本文从心脏病专家的角度回顾了对最常见的PAD类型的基本评估和处理。

PAD评估和筛查

病史采集时应询问患者有无短暂性或永久性脑缺血症状、劳力性臂痛、劳力性头晕或眩晕,以筛查颈动脉、椎体和上肢动脉疾病。有无腹痛,若有腹痛,且与进食有关,可能提示肠系膜疾病。询问患者是否有跛行和下肢愈合不良的伤口,以评估有无下肢动脉疾病。

查体时应触诊所有血管的搏动情况,注意双侧血管对比。听诊是否有血管杂音。注意测量两臂血压,如果两臂脉压差>10mmHg,提示可能存在锁骨下动脉疾病。

踝臂指数(ABI)是诊断下肢PAD的一种简单工具。ABI是足踝收缩压和肱动脉收缩压的比值,能反映下肢动脉狭窄和阻塞的程度,ABI正常值为0.9<ABI<1.3。ABI<0.9提示阻塞性疾病,ABI>1.4表示钙化所致的动脉硬化。在有跛行症状的患者中,运动平板ABI或足跖屈(趾抬高)ABI可增加试验的敏感性。

在老年人、糖尿病或慢性肾脏疾病的患者中,ABI常因血管钙化而升高。如果怀疑ABI是假性升高的,应该测量趾肱指数(TBI)。TBI<0.7为异常。由于慢性严重肢体缺血(CLTI)患者ABI假性升高的可能性大,因此下肢创伤患者采用TBI。

双超(DUS)是筛查和诊断PAD很好方式。

一般治疗:戒烟、规律运动、饮食干预、体重管理

药物治疗:抗血小板聚集、控制血压、控制血糖、调脂。

抗血小板:阿司匹林是所有有症状的PAD患者的一线药物,但根据CAPRIE(氯吡格雷与阿司匹林在缺血性事件风险患者中的应用)试验,ESC指南对氯吡格雷的推荐程度高于阿司匹林。而双抗只用于血管成形术后,疗程1月。有研究显示在阿司匹林的基础上加用小剂量利伐沙班可有效降低PAD患者的缺血结局。

降压:治疗高血压可减少心血管事件。血压的治疗应遵循指南,降压药物应个体化选择。HOPE(心脏结果预防评估)试验证明ACEI可降低有症状和亚临床PAD患者的全因死亡率。

降脂:他汀类药物降脂治疗已被证明可持续降低心脑血管事件风险。

有明显症状的颈动脉疾病患者应在事件发生后14天内进行血运重建。无症状患者的颈动脉血运重建仍然存在争议。

急性或慢性肠系膜缺血常被误诊。对于有症状的患者,血管重建通常是必要的。

对于跛行患者,除药物治疗外,规律的锻炼也是治疗的主要手段。

文章出处:

http://heart-bmj-com-s.webvpn.njmu.edu.cn:8118/content/early/2021/06/23/heartjnl-2019-316164

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    2021-08-15 121e5832m95暂无昵称

    学习了👍

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1008143, encodeId=9cd010081434e, content=学习了👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad932290464, createdName=121e5832m95暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Aug 15 20:17:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593355, encodeId=060615933556d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d1342e95fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#外周动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42795, encryptionId=8d1342e95fa, topicName=外周动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b27818121614, createdName=wujh_7312825, createdTime=Thu Aug 12 13:23:23 CST 2021, time=2021-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1007166, encodeId=d6c5100e1664d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6de91548468, createdName=qingbao2004, createdTime=Thu Aug 12 05:43:53 CST 2021, time=2021-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1006837, encodeId=4d47100683e38, content=学习一下~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Wed Aug 11 07:51:32 CST 2021, time=2021-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1008143, encodeId=9cd010081434e, content=学习了👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad932290464, createdName=121e5832m95暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Aug 15 20:17:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593355, encodeId=060615933556d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d1342e95fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#外周动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42795, encryptionId=8d1342e95fa, topicName=外周动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b27818121614, createdName=wujh_7312825, createdTime=Thu Aug 12 13:23:23 CST 2021, time=2021-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1007166, encodeId=d6c5100e1664d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6de91548468, createdName=qingbao2004, createdTime=Thu Aug 12 05:43:53 CST 2021, time=2021-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1006837, encodeId=4d47100683e38, content=学习一下~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Wed Aug 11 07:51:32 CST 2021, time=2021-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-08-12 qingbao2004

    学习了

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1008143, encodeId=9cd010081434e, content=学习了👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad932290464, createdName=121e5832m95暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Aug 15 20:17:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1593355, encodeId=060615933556d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d1342e95fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#外周动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42795, encryptionId=8d1342e95fa, topicName=外周动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b27818121614, createdName=wujh_7312825, createdTime=Thu Aug 12 13:23:23 CST 2021, time=2021-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1007166, encodeId=d6c5100e1664d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6de91548468, createdName=qingbao2004, createdTime=Thu Aug 12 05:43:53 CST 2021, time=2021-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1006837, encodeId=4d47100683e38, content=学习一下~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Wed Aug 11 07:51:32 CST 2021, time=2021-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-08-11 学医无涯

    学习一下~

    0

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