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Cell:癌症治疗个体差异与唐氏综合征有啥共同点?

2017-04-14 叶问茹 药明康德

非整倍体变异,即细胞染色体数量异常,是导致许多类型的癌症和遗传疾病(包括唐氏综合征)的原因,也是大多数自然流产的原因。由非整倍体变异引起的疾病的严重性通常存在明显的个体差异化,这点很不寻常。例如,近 90%的唐氏综合征胎儿会自然流产。然而,也有唐氏综合征患者可以活到 60 岁以上。▲人体细胞的 46 条染色体(图片来源:NIH 官网)过去,研究人员认为这种差异是由患者个体基因组成差异造成。但是最近

非整倍体变异,即细胞染色体数量异常,是导致许多类型的癌症和遗传疾病(包括唐氏综合征)的原因,也是大多数自然流产的原因。由非整倍体变异引起的疾病的严重性通常存在明显的个体差异化,这点很不寻常。例如,近 90%的唐氏综合征胎儿会自然流产。然而,也有唐氏综合征患者可以活到 60 岁以上。


▲人体细胞的 46 条染色体(图片来源:NIH 官网)

过去,研究人员认为这种差异是由患者个体基因组成差异造成。但是最近,发表在《细胞》杂志上的一篇文章中,麻省理工学院(MIT)的研究人员发现,在遗传信息完全相同的细胞里,非整倍体变异会导致性状的显着差异。

这一发现可能对癌症治疗有重大影响,因为它可以解释为什么携带相同基因信息的癌细胞会对同一疗法有不同的反应。

非整倍体变异的即时效应

非整倍体的出现是由于细胞分裂过程中染色体不能正确分离或在两个子细胞之间不能均匀分配。人类正常情况下有 46 条染色体,非整倍体情况下,细胞染色体数量会过多或过少。

麻省理工学院的 Angelika Amon 教授主导了该项研究,通过在遗传信息相同的酵母菌中诱导染色体增加或丢失,研究非整倍体变异对表型的影响。选择酵母菌的原因是它与人类细胞非常相似。结果显示,诱导的染色体数量变化对细胞表型直接产生影响。

Amon 教授介绍:“通过诱导染色体变异后,我们发现不同细胞之间的反应差异非常大。有些细胞完全放缓了复制周期,不再继续分裂;而其他细胞则正常分裂,只受很小的影响。”


该研究还系统分析了增加或丢失不同染色体对细胞的影响。研究人员发现,即便不同细胞增加或丢失的染色体相同,这些细胞的表现也非常不同。

不仅影响细胞分裂

除了细胞分裂之外,该研究还验证了非整倍体变异对其他生物学途径的影响,包括转录和对环境变化的反应。转录是 DNA 信息转移到 RNA 的过程,是基因表达的第一步。结果显示,含有非整倍体变异的相同细胞在转录以及对环境变化的反应方面很不相同。这表明,非整倍体变异对许多生物过程都有重要影响。

为确保研究结论跟酵母细胞无关,研究人员还在小鼠身上进行了相同的实验,也发现非整倍体变异会导致类似的性状差异。

该研究发现非整倍体状态本身可以导致性状变异性,对由非整倍性引起的疾病多变性提供了另外一种解释。此外,它对肿瘤治疗也有意义。肿瘤由不同的细胞群构成,肿瘤细胞之间的基因变异相当大。基因突变经常被认为是导致化疗或其他疗法失败的主要原因,因为一种治疗方法可能没法靶向肿瘤内的所有细胞。


▲非整倍体变异对细胞的影响(图片来源:《细胞》)

新加坡科技研究局(A*STAR)生物医学研究所的 Giulia Rancati 教授认为,了解非整倍体变异对细胞表型的影响是一个根本性的生物学问题,对于治疗各种疾病如癌症和唐氏综合征具有重要意义。

Rancati 教授评论说:“这项令人兴奋的新工作加深了我们对非整倍体变异如何引起表型变异的理解,揭示了携带相同非整倍体核型的细胞会出现意想不到的高细胞间异质性。我们已知癌细胞进化跟耐药性多发有关,所以研究非整倍体状态对癌细胞的进化是否有影响将是个有趣的课题。”

下一步,Amon 教授希望进一步研究非整倍体变异的起源。她说:“我们正在努力找到关键基因和关键路径。一旦找到关键路径,就可以开发新的癌症治疗方法。”

原始出处:

Beach RR, Ricci-Tam C, Brennan CM, Moomau CA, et al. Aneuploidy Causes Non-genetic Individuality. Cell. 2017 Apr 6.

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    2018-02-21 维他命
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