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Nature:癌症食疗再添依据!常见氨基酸可显著提高化疗效果

2018-07-12 学术经纬 学术经纬

癌症是人类的一大顽疾。为了攻克癌症,科学家们一边在寻找全新的疗法,一边在尝试让现有的抗癌药物变得更有效。

癌症是人类的一大顽疾。为了攻克癌症,科学家们一边在寻找全新的疗法,一边在尝试让现有的抗癌药物变得更有效。

我们知道,白血病儿童中常见的癌症。这些癌症的治愈率较高,相关的疗法也得到了比较充分的开发。其中,甲氨蝶呤是一种经典的白血病治疗药物。它能抑制四氢叶酸(THF)的合成,让癌细胞无法合成DNA和蛋白质,从而杀死癌细胞。但由于这种药物的“无差别攻击”特性,它也会影响到正常细胞,从而带来巨大的毒性。如果能找到提高这种药物效果的方法,或许我们就能对患者使用更低的剂量,在维持疗效的同时,降低它带来的副作用。

为了寻找到有潜力提高甲氨蝶呤效果的基因,来自麻省理工学院(MIT)的一支科研团队进行了一场基因组层面的深度筛选。利用先进的CRISPR–Cas9技术,他们在对甲氨蝶呤高度敏感的癌细胞中,寻找造成这种敏感性的基因。其中,一条叫做FTCD的基因脱颖而出,吸引了研究人员们的关注。


FTCD基因(绿色)在筛选中脱颖而出

从机理上看,科学家们从未想到这条基因还和癌症治疗有关。FTCD编码了一种组氨酸分解代谢所必需的酶,而组氨酸则是人体所必需的氨基酸之一。这种常见的氨基酸,难道还和癌症治疗有关?

为了回答这个问题,研究人员们进一步在癌细胞中移除了几个参与组氨酸分解代谢的酶,而后续的观察验证了他们的筛选结果——果不其然,一旦组氨酸无法顺利代谢,甲氨蝶呤的效果就大打折扣。而如果突破组氨酸代谢中的限制因素,加速它的分解,甲氨蝶呤的疗效就会增加。在人体相关性研究中,那些组氨酸代谢水平较高的病患,生存率也较高。


原来,组氨酸的代谢会阴差阳错地加速四氢叶酸(THF)的消耗,后者正是抗癌药想要消灭的对象

可是,组氨酸是一种结构简单的氨基酸。它的代谢凭啥能提高抗癌药的效果?在生化途径上做了一系列研究的科学家们发现,原来组氨酸分解的通路上,竟然有四氢叶酸的参与!而FTCD正是调控这一步骤的酶,能将四氢叶酸转化成谷氨酸。

我们来理顺一下其中的关系。抗癌药甲氨蝶呤能抑制四氢叶酸的合成,而FTCD能加速四氢叶酸的代谢。如果把细胞比作是一个人,而四氢叶酸是钱的话,抗癌药能阻挠你去赚钱,FTCD却能加速你的花钱。一进一出,细胞里的四氢叶酸很快就陷入了枯竭。

缺乏了四氢叶酸,癌细胞自然就得到了抑制。也就是说,只要能加速四氢叶酸的代谢,就能提高抗癌药甲氨蝶呤的效果。

那么,有什么办法能加速消耗四氢叶酸呢?方法有,而且很简单——在饮食中添加组氨酸。细胞内的组氨酸水平越高,其代谢就越活跃,而与之挂钩的四氢叶酸代谢也会得到加速。在这一层面,组氨酸就好像是增加了细胞“花钱”的冲动,让它们更快地消耗四氢叶酸。

在小鼠实验中,这一简单的设想,起到了极好的效果。在饮食中添加少量组氨酸后,极大地提高了甲氨蝶呤的疗效。“(研究表明)在癌症疗法中,饮食很重要!”该研究的通讯作者David Sabatini教授说道。


组氨酸饮食配合抗癌药(浅蓝),在第28天(右图)显着缩小了肿瘤的体积

接下来,研究人员们期望能在人体中重复这一结果。组氨酸在常见的肉类食物中都很普遍。如果这些食物能改善抗癌药的效果,减少抗癌药的副作用,无疑将是全世界白血病患者的福音。

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    2019-04-26 kafei

    了解一下谢谢

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    2019-04-22 liye789132251
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    2019-02-22 xugumin
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    2018-07-14 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-07-12 内科新手

    谢谢梅斯提供这么好的信息,学到很多

    0

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    2018-07-12 CHANGE

    疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的

    0

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    2018-07-12 wzb521zf

    一起学习学习

    0

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