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ELIFE:这名身患癌症的科学家,也许找到了治疗阿兹海默症的关键

2016-11-07 佚名 药明康德

在加州大学旧金山分校的实验室里,科学家们见证了神奇的一幕:一批注射了某个小分子的小鼠,平均仅用了16秒就逃出了水迷宫,而普通小鼠需要花上的时间要超过1分钟。换句话说,这个小分子,大大增强了小鼠的脑功能。这项研究的负责人彼得·沃尔特(Peter Walter)教授对此兴奋异常:“这太不可思议了!我们的发现无疑打开了一扇重要的新世界之门。”在彼得看来,这个小分子有望修复大脑损伤,让它重焕青春。与时

在加州大学旧金山分校的实验室里,科学家们见证了神奇的一幕:一批注射了某个小分子的小鼠,平均仅用了16秒就逃出了水迷宫,而普通小鼠需要花上的时间要超过1分钟。换句话说,这个小分子,大大增强了小鼠的脑功能。


这项研究的负责人彼得·沃尔特(Peter Walter)教授对此兴奋异常:“这太不可思议了!我们的发现无疑打开了一扇重要的新世界之门。”在彼得看来,这个小分子有望修复大脑损伤,让它重焕青春。


与时间赛跑的科学家


彼得出生于德国,家人在柏林西部经营一家药店。受父亲的影响,彼得从小就对药物和化学产生了兴趣。大学毕业后,他前往洛克菲勒大学攻读博士学位,师从著名生物学家(Günter Blobel)冈特·布洛贝尔教授。在那里,他们发现蛋白质如何通过自身信号,定位到细胞内的不同区域。这一重大发现也让布洛贝尔教授获得了1999年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。



 在冈特·布洛贝尔教授的指导下,彼得迅速成长为了一名出色的科学家(图片来源:洛克菲勒大学)


1983年,彼得在加州大学旧金山分校建立了自己的实验室,主攻“未折叠蛋白反应”(the unfolded protein response)的研究。这个领域对我们的健康至关重要——人体细胞的功能仰赖于诸多正确折叠的蛋白质。如果蛋白质未能正确折叠,细胞就会做出反应,延缓蛋白合成的速率。如果这个反应无法得到控制,细胞就会死亡,并可能导致阿兹海默症、帕金森症与糖尿病等疾病。在30多年的学术生涯中,彼得取得了大量的成就,并和日本科学家森和俊教授一道,于2014年获得了拉斯克基础医学奖和邵逸夫生命科学奖。他的名字也因此成为了诺贝尔奖的热门候选。



 彼得的学术生涯斩获了诸多成就,其中包括了有“诺贝尔风向标”之称的拉斯克奖(图片来源:STAT)


然而世事无常。2009年,彼得被诊断患有颈部癌症,这促使他重新思考自己的职业生涯——在病情得到缓解后,彼得立刻开始思考通过研究来改善人类健康的可能性。他相信,如果能控制蛋白的折叠过程,就有希望对疾病进行治疗。


“这场疾病深刻地影响到了我,”彼得说:“生命是有尽头的。如果你想要做出一些重要的成果,你最好马上去做。


差一点被丢弃的神奇分子


为了寻找能够控制“未折叠蛋白反应”的潜在新药,彼得和他的研究团队设计了一个巧妙的实验:他们开发了一种能够发光的细胞。如果新药能够干预“未折叠蛋白反应”,细胞的光就会熄灭。在确保这个体系能够正常工作之后,研究人员合成了一个化合物库,进行筛选。


这个化合物库中有10万个分子只有1个让这些细胞失去了光芒。



这个小分子,会成为治疗大脑疾病的灵丹妙药吗?(图片来源:维基百科)


更糟糕的是,这个分子的水溶性极低,所有人都相信它不是一个好的候选药物——如果它不能溶于水,医生又要怎么给药呢?绕了一圈,彼得和他的研究团队似乎一无所获地回到了原点。


然而彼得团队的一名博士后决定再赌一把。她的理由很简单,虽然这款分子的水溶性低,但这不意味着它就不能起作用。而实验结果也证明她的猜想是正确的。在极低的浓度下,这款分子也能有效地抑制细胞内的反应。“这一切都归功于她能够‘疯狂’到无视所有专家的建议”,彼得评论说。


进一步的研究让彼得深深迷恋上了这个分子的美:它有着完全对称的结构,一双“手臂”能够紧紧抓住结合位点。这或许就是为何它能在极低浓度下起效的原因。由于和蛋白折叠产生的细胞压力有关,彼得将这个分子命名为ISRIB,即“综合压力反应抑制剂”(Integrated Stress Response Inhibitor)的缩写。



 彼得认为这个小分子充满了对称美。他的办公室里,到处可以看到这个小分子的结构(图片来源:STAT)


这还不是这款分子所有的神奇之处:后续的研究表明,它的治疗效果超出了所有人的意料。


治疗患者同时,它还能提高普通人的智力?


进一步的实验发现, ISRIB不仅能影响蛋白质的折叠,还能够影响细胞对于诸如紫外线和病毒感染等其他外界压力的反应。在细胞面对大量压力时,会关闭一个翻译起始因子eIF2α的功能。而ISRIB能够高效地抑制这一过程,使eIF2α一直保持活性。


这一发现迅速地引起了其他学者的注意。先前,一些研究发现eIF2α能够控制一些蛋白的翻译,而这些蛋白与记忆形成密切相关。换而言之,如果ISRIB能够一直让eIF2α保持活性,就有可能增强记忆的形成。这不但能缓解阿兹海默患者的症状,还有希望提升普通人的学习和记忆能力。


为了检验这一想法,研究人员在小鼠模型中进行了初步实验。正如本文开头所言,接受ISRIB注射的小鼠从水迷宫中逃离的速度要比对照组快上三倍。如果说eIF2α是记忆形成的“刹车”,那么ISRIB就是让这个刹车失效的灵药。


“接受ISRIB的小鼠学习得更好,显著的好。”彼得说。



 谷歌创立的Calico希望能延长人类的寿命,ISRIB是他们的武器之一(图片来源:Calico官网)


这一分子也引起了制药行业的兴趣。由谷歌创立,旨在延长人类寿命的生物科技公司Calico已经获得了加州大学旧金山分校的授权,对ISRIB进行研发。在他们看来,ISRIB有望既能够预防导致神经退行性疾病的细胞死亡,又能改善这些疾病带来的记忆问题,可谓一箭双雕。此外,另一些证据表明它或许能修复大脑损伤,这个意义相当重大:目前,脑损伤依旧是一种无药可治的疾病。


由于能够抑制细胞中关键的“未折叠蛋白反应”,一些学者担心它会给身体带来意想不到的副作用。但至少在目前为止,ISRIB对大量生产新蛋白的胰脏没有损害作用。长期的影响,则需要进一步的实验证实。一些阿兹海默症专家对它表示了谨慎的乐观——它有望带来全新的疗法,但想在人体中进行试验,或许还要等上几年的时间。



 罹患癌症的彼得急于为人类健康做出自己的功效(图片来源:STAT)


我们希望在与时间赛跑的彼得不用等上那么久,也衷心祝愿这款小分子能够在临床试验中再次书写神奇,早日将这创新疗法带给那些受神经疾病和脑外伤影响的患者们。


原始出处:


Peter Walter discovered a molecule that makes mice smarter. Can it heal a human brain?


Wei Huang,1,2,† Andon N Placzek,1,2,†‡ Gonzalo Viana Di Prisco,1,2,† Sanjeev Khatiwada,1,2,3,† Carmela Sidrauski,4,5§ Krešimir Krnjević,6 Peter Walter,4,5 John A Dani,7 and Mauro Costa-Mattioli1,2,*.Translational control by eIF2α phosphorylation regulates vulnerability to the synaptic and behavioral effects of cocaine.eLife. 2016


Carmela Sidrauski,1,2,* Diego Acosta-Alvear,1,2 Arkady Khoutorsky,3 Punitha Vedantham,4 Brian R Hearn,4 Han Li,5 Karine Gamache,6 Ciara M Gallagher,1,2 Kenny K-H Ang,4 Chris Wilson,4 Voytek Okreglak,1,2 Avi Ashkenazi,5 Byron Hann,7 Karim Nader,6 Michelle R Arkin,4 Adam R Renslo,4 Nahum Sonenberg,3 and Peter Walter1,2,.Pharmacological brake-release of mRNA translation enhances cognitive memory.eLife. 2013

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    2017-06-20 clmlylxy
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    2017-02-12 膀胱癌
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    2016-11-12 fenqiuse

    希望能成为有效的治疗药物

    0

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    2016-11-09 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2016-11-07 明崖

    学习了,希望能进一步延伸临床医学

    0

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    2016-11-07 1e171f5bm53(暂无匿称)

    hello 大家好 我是新手多多指教

    0

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    2016-11-07 雾夜芭蕾

    就和千里之堤溃于蚁穴一样

    0

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