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N Engl J Med:比利时实行安乐死的11年数据分析

2015-03-27 张莹 医学论坛网

安乐死的理论和实践都有很长久的历史。斯巴达人为了保持健康与活力,处死生来就存在病态的儿童。亚里士多德曾在其著作中表示支持这种做法。在《理想国》一书中,柏拉图赞成把自杀作为解除无法治疗的痛苦的一种办法。毕达哥拉斯等许多哲人、学者、政治家都认为在道德上对老人与虚弱者,实施自愿的安乐死是合理的。其他社会也有些安乐死的报道。2002年,安乐死在比利时被合法化,研究者们从1998年开始大规模的重复调查用来监

安乐死的理论和实践都有很长久的历史。斯巴达人为了保持健康与活力,处死生来就存在病态的儿童。亚里士多德曾在其著作中表示支持这种做法。在《理想国》一书中,柏拉图赞成把自杀作为解除无法治疗的痛苦的一种办法。毕达哥拉斯等许多哲人、学者、政治家都认为在道德上对老人与虚弱者,实施自愿的安乐死是合理的。其他社会也有些安乐死的报道。

2002年,安乐死在比利时被合法化,研究者们从1998年开始大规模的重复调查用来监测临终关怀的实践性,2013年是最近的一次调查。

和之前的调查方法类似,2013年的上半年,向佛兰德斯地区(比利时有一半讲荷兰语的人在此,大约有600万居民,每年有58000人死亡)6188位可以出具死亡证明的医师发问卷。调查问卷的应答率为60.6%,样本有效。

在接受一种或更多可能缩短寿命的生命终止服务前就已死亡的人数比率,在2001年至2007年有一个较大幅度的提升,于2013年稳定在47.8%(具体见下表)。这个数据包含:选择用药来缓解疼痛及其他症状,但可能因此而缩短寿命的患者(占死亡人数的24.2%);和那些拒绝和放弃用以延长生命的临终关怀服务的患者(占17.2%)。



2007年至2013年,安乐死率显著增长,从1.9%增至4.6%;安乐死请求率和请求批准率也相应增长,前者从3.5%增至6.0%,后者从56.3%增至76.8%。1998年至2007年,请求加速死亡(不明确的干预手段)的患者比率从3.2%降至1.8%,2013年稳定在1.7%。2001年至2007年,请求使用深度镇静药直至死亡的患者比率从8.2%增至14.5%,2013年回落到12.0%。

与2007相比,2013年决定安乐死及医助自杀(physician-assisted suicide)更多地是通过患者与医生协商后的口头和书面的请求,且遵守安乐死的法律条款。2013年姑息治疗服务的病例达73.7%,这表明2013年的安乐死合法性评价标准要比2007年的严格。也有越来越多的患者和其家属选择其他方式的临终关怀服务(未列数据)。

2007年至2013年间,比利时安乐死的请求增多,且医师在患者接受过姑息治疗服务后也越来越愿意接受患者的请求。比利时政府在2002年宣布符合条件的患者可以安乐死,成为继荷兰之后全球第2个让安乐死合法化的国家。而2010年,比利时佛兰德斯地区安乐死率已显著超过荷兰。比利时11年安乐死的经验告诉我们:安乐死的接受度越来越高,可认为是结束生命的一种有效方法。

原始出处:

Recent Trends in Euthanasia and Other End-of-Life Practices in Belgium.N Engl J Med 2015; 372:1179-1181.March 19, 2015;DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1414527


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    2015-09-03 haouestc
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1785439, encodeId=a4121e854397e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34b86e91f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Engl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6791, encryptionId=34b86e91f9, topicName=Engl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 22:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081331, encodeId=89852081331ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57406e8506' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Eng#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6785, encryptionId=57406e8506, topicName=Eng)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 02:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19170, encodeId=acf5191e0d1, content=表)。这个数据包含:选择用药来缓解疼痛及其他症状,但可能因此而缩短寿命的患者(占死亡人数的24.2%);和, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=184, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443020, encodeId=3d4b14430209f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6e7a4568e9e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#安乐死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45687, encryptionId=6e7a4568e9e, topicName=安乐死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4e175016637, createdName=ms7524819409032184, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606453, encodeId=683f1606453e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=18997, encodeId=f8951899e56, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Fri Mar 27 23:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-09 spoonycyy
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1785439, encodeId=a4121e854397e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34b86e91f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Engl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6791, encryptionId=34b86e91f9, topicName=Engl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 22:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081331, encodeId=89852081331ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57406e8506' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Eng#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6785, encryptionId=57406e8506, topicName=Eng)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 02:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19170, encodeId=acf5191e0d1, content=表)。这个数据包含:选择用药来缓解疼痛及其他症状,但可能因此而缩短寿命的患者(占死亡人数的24.2%);和, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=184, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443020, encodeId=3d4b14430209f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6e7a4568e9e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#安乐死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45687, encryptionId=6e7a4568e9e, topicName=安乐死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4e175016637, createdName=ms7524819409032184, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606453, encodeId=683f1606453e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=18997, encodeId=f8951899e56, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Fri Mar 27 23:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-31 x35042875

    表)。这个数据包含:选择用药来缓解疼痛及其他症状,但可能因此而缩短寿命的患者(占死亡人数的24.2%);和

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1785439, encodeId=a4121e854397e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34b86e91f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Engl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6791, encryptionId=34b86e91f9, topicName=Engl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 22:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081331, encodeId=89852081331ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57406e8506' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Eng#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6785, encryptionId=57406e8506, topicName=Eng)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 02:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19170, encodeId=acf5191e0d1, content=表)。这个数据包含:选择用药来缓解疼痛及其他症状,但可能因此而缩短寿命的患者(占死亡人数的24.2%);和, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=184, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443020, encodeId=3d4b14430209f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6e7a4568e9e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#安乐死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45687, encryptionId=6e7a4568e9e, topicName=安乐死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4e175016637, createdName=ms7524819409032184, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606453, encodeId=683f1606453e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=18997, encodeId=f8951899e56, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Fri Mar 27 23:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1785439, encodeId=a4121e854397e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34b86e91f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Engl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6791, encryptionId=34b86e91f9, topicName=Engl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7eeb2500172, createdName=haouestc, createdTime=Thu Sep 03 22:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081331, encodeId=89852081331ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57406e8506' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Eng#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6785, encryptionId=57406e8506, topicName=Eng)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3516494, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 02:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19170, encodeId=acf5191e0d1, content=表)。这个数据包含:选择用药来缓解疼痛及其他症状,但可能因此而缩短寿命的患者(占死亡人数的24.2%);和, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=184, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443020, encodeId=3d4b14430209f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6e7a4568e9e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#安乐死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45687, encryptionId=6e7a4568e9e, topicName=安乐死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4e175016637, createdName=ms7524819409032184, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606453, encodeId=683f1606453e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sun Mar 29 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=18997, encodeId=f8951899e56, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=193, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=xiaoai5777, createdTime=Fri Mar 27 23:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-27 xiaoai5777

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