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PNAS:人为什么怀胎十月

2015-03-30 佚名 生物谷

最近一项发表在PNAS上的研究认为人类怀孕时间的长短是由能量代谢所决定的,而不是产道大小所决定的。长久以来,我们认为怀孕的时间长短决定了胎儿的大小,然而由于直立行走的缘故,与之相适应的妇女骨盆却不允许我们的胎儿太大,否则可能会难产。人类区别于其他灵长类动物的主要两大特征:一个大容量的大脑和直立行走。然而这两个特征都会影响到分娩,脑袋太大会导致婴儿从阴道出来很困难,然而太宽的骨盆又会导致两足行走的困

最近一项发表在PNAS上的研究认为人类怀孕时间的长短是由能量代谢所决定的,而不是产道大小所决定的。长久以来,我们认为怀孕的时间长短决定了胎儿的大小,然而由于直立行走的缘故,与之相适应的妇女骨盆却不允许我们的胎儿太大,否则可能会难产。

人类区别于其他灵长类动物的主要两大特征:一个大容量的大脑和直立行走。然而这两个特征都会影响到分娩,脑袋太大会导致婴儿从阴道出来很困难,然而太宽的骨盆又会导致两足行走的困难。科学家一直是这样解释这个“妇产科悖论”的,婴儿在子宫内的孕育时间被缩短了,避免脑袋发育得过大而导致分娩困难。因而,相比于其他灵长类,人类的婴儿显得更加弱小,在运动和认知能力上看起来也更弱一些。

这篇PNAS的一作,Dunsworth博士说道:“在人类进化中出现的一些有趣的现象包括,双足行走,难产,宽盆骨,大脑袋和无助的小婴儿等都被传统上认为和“妇产科悖论”有着关联。数十年来课本上也一直是这么描述的,但是当我认真去寻找支持这种观点的证据时,我震惊了!”

第一个问题是没有证据表明宽盆骨意味着不方便直立行走。Anna是哈佛大学的博后同时也是这篇文章的共同作者,她曾经研究过骨盆宽度对于妇女在跑步机上机动性的影响,却没有发现更宽的盆骨会导致机动性减低。

Dunsworth博士表示这就给产道的尺寸受“双足行走”限制的这种理论打了一个问号,宽盆骨并不意味着你走路的效率会降低。

然后Dunsworth博士继续寻找支持人类的孕期相比于其他灵长类和哺乳动物是缩短的证据。然而现有的研究却是支持相反的观点。考虑到母体的大小,人类的孕期相比于其他灵长类不是缩短了,而是变长了。婴儿也是比预期的要大而不是更小。

一般来说,包括人在内的哺乳动物的孕期和宝宝的大小都可以通过母体的大小来预测。因为母体大小关系到动物的代谢速率和效率。受此启发,Dunsworth博士开始思考有没有可能是新陈代谢影响了人类的怀孕时间而不是传统认为的骨盆大小。

为了探讨这种可能性,她和哈佛大学人类生理学和能量学的两位专家取得了联系,基于这两位专家之前关于怀孕和分娩的工作,他们一道提出了关于孕期长短的一个新的假说,被称为EGG (energetics能量学, gestation怀孕, and growth发育)。

根据EGG理论,一个婴儿之所以被生下来是因为母亲无法继续给子宫内的婴儿供给能量,支持他们的发育了。因而,妈妈所能给予的能量才是真正限制孕期长短的因素而不是骨盆。

EGG理论也解释了相比于黑猩猩的婴儿,为什么人类婴儿显得如此脆弱。小黑猩猩在一个月的时候就会爬行,人类婴儿却需要大约七个月的时间。但如果人类婴儿也想在一个月的时候就能爬话,大概需要十六个月的怀孕时间。这早已经超出了人类母亲能够承受的能量上限。事实上,多怀胎一个月也会让怀孕这件事变得异常凶险。

Dunsworth博士说,在生理上,生一个发育更加完全的宝贝是不可能的,所以我们刚生下来显得十分无助的宝贝需要在母体外进行额外的大脑发育。

毫无疑问,EGG理论会给经典的“妇产科悖论”带来不小的挑战。之前我们总是有一种奇怪的观点认为,相比于男性,妇女由于生产怀孕因而进化出了笨拙的骨盆。然而如果真有一种完美骨盆构造的话,那也一定是属于生了孩子的妇女。大自然的进化法则保证了妇女的分娩和高效的直立行走方式。如果不是这样的话,我们早就灭绝了。


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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855710, encodeId=fd091855e1069, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 17:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19418, encodeId=5e271941851, content=这样能解释早产?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dee91604819, createdName=chaie1217, createdTime=Sat Apr 04 18:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19211, encodeId=09ac1921127, content=球扩张,在世界许多地方ART仍然无法施行,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,在那里IVF诊所仍然没有在大多数国家出现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19119, encodeId=e0e21911938, content=真是长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21641619881, createdName=Lilacs+lily, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 09:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19065, encodeId=321b1906568, content=值得继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c8e1619533, createdName=cd90, createdTime=Mon Mar 30 16:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-11-15 drwjr
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855710, encodeId=fd091855e1069, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 17:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19418, encodeId=5e271941851, content=这样能解释早产?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dee91604819, createdName=chaie1217, createdTime=Sat Apr 04 18:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19211, encodeId=09ac1921127, content=球扩张,在世界许多地方ART仍然无法施行,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,在那里IVF诊所仍然没有在大多数国家出现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19119, encodeId=e0e21911938, content=真是长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21641619881, createdName=Lilacs+lily, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 09:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19065, encodeId=321b1906568, content=值得继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c8e1619533, createdName=cd90, createdTime=Mon Mar 30 16:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-04 chaie1217

    这样能解释早产?

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855710, encodeId=fd091855e1069, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 17:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19418, encodeId=5e271941851, content=这样能解释早产?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dee91604819, createdName=chaie1217, createdTime=Sat Apr 04 18:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19211, encodeId=09ac1921127, content=球扩张,在世界许多地方ART仍然无法施行,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,在那里IVF诊所仍然没有在大多数国家出现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19119, encodeId=e0e21911938, content=真是长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21641619881, createdName=Lilacs+lily, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 09:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19065, encodeId=321b1906568, content=值得继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c8e1619533, createdName=cd90, createdTime=Mon Mar 30 16:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-31 x35042875

    球扩张,在世界许多地方ART仍然无法施行,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,在那里IVF诊所仍然没有在大多数国家出现

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855710, encodeId=fd091855e1069, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 17:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19418, encodeId=5e271941851, content=这样能解释早产?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dee91604819, createdName=chaie1217, createdTime=Sat Apr 04 18:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19211, encodeId=09ac1921127, content=球扩张,在世界许多地方ART仍然无法施行,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,在那里IVF诊所仍然没有在大多数国家出现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19119, encodeId=e0e21911938, content=真是长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21641619881, createdName=Lilacs+lily, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 09:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19065, encodeId=321b1906568, content=值得继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c8e1619533, createdName=cd90, createdTime=Mon Mar 30 16:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-31 Lilacs+lily

    真是长见识了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1855710, encodeId=fd091855e1069, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f32014428fc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PNAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=14428, encryptionId=f32014428fc, topicName=PNAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Sun Nov 15 17:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19418, encodeId=5e271941851, content=这样能解释早产?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dee91604819, createdName=chaie1217, createdTime=Sat Apr 04 18:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19211, encodeId=09ac1921127, content=球扩张,在世界许多地方ART仍然无法施行,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,在那里IVF诊所仍然没有在大多数国家出现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19119, encodeId=e0e21911938, content=真是长见识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=21641619881, createdName=Lilacs+lily, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 09:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=19065, encodeId=321b1906568, content=值得继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c8e1619533, createdName=cd90, createdTime=Mon Mar 30 16:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-30 cd90

    值得继续关注

    0

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