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世界上容易上瘾的五种物质

2016-09-12 佚名 生物谷

(图片摘自www.sciencealert.com)世界上最容易上瘾的药物有哪些呢?问题似乎十分简单,但对于不同的人来说答案却是多种多样的。根据不同研究者的观点,药物成瘾性的高低可取决于其危害的严重程度、黑市的价格,大脑多巴胺系统的激活程度,人们在吸食后的享受程度以及上瘾的容易程度等等。不过,也有其它一些标准可以用来评价药物的上瘾性,一些研究者们甚至认为没有什么药物是一直具有上瘾性的。根据总结不同


(图片摘自www.sciencealert.com)

世界上最容易上瘾的药物有哪些呢?问题似乎十分简单,但对于不同的人来说答案却是多种多样的。

根据不同研究者的观点,药物成瘾性的高低可取决于其危害的严重程度、黑市的价格,大脑多巴胺系统的激活程度,人们在吸食后的享受程度以及上瘾的容易程度等等。

不过,也有其它一些标准可以用来评价药物的上瘾性,一些研究者们甚至认为没有什么药物是一直具有上瘾性的。根据总结不同研究者的观点,我们简要描述上瘾性最高的几类药物。

1. 海洛因

研究者们普遍认为海洛因是世界上最容易上瘾的药物,它本质上是一类鸦片制剂,动物实验表明,海洛因能够将大脑反馈回路中的多巴胺水平上调200倍。

除了上瘾性高以外,海洛因还具有极高的危害性,其致死剂量仅仅是致幻剂量的5倍。
海洛因被列为世界上最具危害性的的药物第二位,它对于使用者以及整个社会都具有较高的威胁。2009年,包括海洛因在内的非法鸦片制剂的市场容量达到680亿美元。

2. 可卡因

可卡因能够直接干预大脑的多巴胺在神经元之间的传递。例如,它能够通过关闭多巴胺的信号来阻止神经元的激活,从而造成大脑反馈回路的失调。

动物实验结果表明,可卡因能够将大脑中的多巴胺水平上调3倍。据推测,世界上有1400万到2000万人使用可卡因,2009年可卡因的黑市销售量达到了750亿美元。

霹雳可卡因被专家们列为世界上第三大最具危险的药物,而粉末的可卡因稍次,位列第五。世界上的可卡因使用者中有21%已经成为了瘾君子。与其它上瘾药物(例如安非他明)相似,可卡因也是由于其流通的增强而使问题变得十分严重。

3. 尼古丁

尼古丁是烟草中的重要上瘾物质。当我们吸烟的时候,尼古丁会被快速地由肺吸收,并随之运输到脑部。研究者们将其列为上瘾性第三高的物质。

美国三分之二的人具有烟成瘾症。2002年WHO就曾经预测:到2030年,世界上将有10亿烟瘾人群,每年因吸烟而死亡的人也将达到800万。

尽管动实验动物没有吸烟的习惯,但动物实验仍旧表明大鼠能够产生明显的尼古丁成瘾症状,而尼古丁会提高大脑反馈回路25%-40%的活性。

4. 巴比妥类药物(镇定剂)

巴比妥类药物,也被称为"蓝色子弹"、"大猩猩"、"宁比"、"倒钩"、"粉红佳人"。它常被用来治疗焦虑症以及促进睡眠。

巴比妥类药物能够干扰大脑的信号传递,降低大脑的活跃程度。低剂量的条件下,巴比妥类药物能够引发精神欢愉,但高剂量的条件下容易引发呼吸停止以及死亡。

由于处方药越来越容易获得,因此巴比妥上瘾也开始流行。之后由于其他药物的逐渐出现而开始有所下降。

这也从侧面反映了药物成瘾的一大原因:如果该药物不易获得,那么危害性则很低。研究者们将巴比妥类药物列为第四大上瘾性的药物。

5.酒精

尽管酒精是合法的饮品,但研究者们还是将其列为了上瘾物质。酒精对大脑有多种效应,动物实验表明酒精能够将大脑的反馈回路长多巴胺的水平提高40%-360%。而且动物摄入量越大,大脑多巴胺的含量就越多。

在饮酒群体中,有22%已经形成了终身酗酒的习惯。WHO在2002年的报告中指出:当年全球范围内饮酒群体会达到20亿。到2012年时,每年因此丧命的人群数量也将达到300万。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1649658, encodeId=ccb0164965815, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=411d20003f3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#上瘾#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20003, encryptionId=411d20003f3, topicName=上瘾)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1a6523894616, createdName=wangyang7966, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 00:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126279, encodeId=4db81262e954, content=学习了,赞一个!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 14 09:52:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126115, encodeId=cb9e126115a6, content=学习了,赞一个!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Sep 14 08:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=125121, encodeId=ee0c12512141, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Sep 13 12:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=125122, encodeId=c3a812512269, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Tue Sep 13 12:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-14 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

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    2016-09-14 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

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    2016-09-13 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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