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Nat Med:扼住命运的咽喉!斑马鱼帮助挽救重症淋巴病男孩

2019-07-06 苏煜静 生物探索

在丹尼尔10岁时,他有望成为一名足球运动员,那时他能够在25分钟里跑出5公里的距离。两年后,他的腿突然开始肿胀,出现呼吸困难的症状。医院诊断丹尼尔心脏周围有淋巴积液,并且淋巴液还在继续渗漏。

在丹尼尔10岁时,他有望成为一名足球运动员,那时他能够在25分钟里跑出5公里的距离。两年后,他的腿突然开始肿胀,出现呼吸困难的症状。医院诊断丹尼尔心脏周围有淋巴积液,并且淋巴液还在继续渗漏。



丹尼尔的胸部临床影像

丹尼尔的双腿和腹部像海绵一样肿胀。他的肺部充满了积液以至于只能靠着氧气罐勉强维持生命。在接受了一种西罗莫司(雷帕霉素)的免疫抑制药物治疗后,丹尼尔的情况并没有好转。费城儿童医院(CHOP)儿科肺科专家和应用基因组学中心主任Hakon Hakonarson博士说:“他的情况来越糟糕,死神正在向他招手。”

为了拯救这个脆弱的小生命,医护人员利用现有药物,重塑自身异常淋巴系统。这是一个危及生命的罕见疾病实施精准药物治疗的戏剧性案例。该研究发表在《Nature Medicine》杂志上。

斑马鱼帮忙找到病因

Hakonarson博士和同事认为找到疾病的基因根源才是丹尼尔唯一的希望。中枢导管淋巴异常可能是由几种基因突变引起的。因此,他们对丹尼尔进行了全外显子测序。

基因测序结果显示,十几个与淋巴异常相关的基因看起来都很正常。但是他的X染色体上缺少了一个叫做ARAF的基因。这种基因会产生一种叫做激酶的酶,这种酶能够将分子添加到细胞的蛋白质中。这种物质太多会导致细胞过度增殖,以至于发生癌变。

然而,人们从未发现ARAF突变与淋巴疾病相关。为了确定这个基因的缺失是否是丹尼尔患病的罪魁祸首。科学家们对斑马鱼进行了基因改造,使其携带这种突变。

研究人员通过将ARAF突变基因插入斑马鱼的胚胎中来探索其功能。五天内,斑马鱼便形成了类似的异常淋巴管。这证明了ARAF突变导致淋巴管过度生长。

Christoph Seiler说:“随着ARAF基因的突变,这条四分之一英寸长的鱼长出了淋巴管,淋巴管不断地生长,就像丹尼尔的淋巴管一样。”

老药新用,黑色素瘤药物转变战场

治疗ARAF突变的药物有十种。研究人员将药物放入水中发现,斑马鱼在吸收药物后淋巴管停止扩散,并且没有对其他部分造成伤害。

这些药物都是MEK抑制剂,通常用于黑色素瘤患者。尽管医生可以为FDA批准的病症开出药物,但Hakonarson不愿这么做。他说:“我们不想冒险给孩子服用一种有毒的成人药物,除非专家认为潜在的好处大于风险。”

最终,CHOP肿瘤学团队的Jean Belasco博士在获得FDA的同意许可后给丹尼尔使用了名为trametinib的MEK抑制剂。

在开始实验治疗后的两个月内,丹尼尔的呼吸得到改善。开始治疗三个月后,他肺部的积液开始减少,并且脱离呼吸机开始进行自主呼吸新鲜空气。MRI显示他的淋巴管正在重塑。丹尼尔双腿的肿胀也在逐渐消失。

结语

这项研究首次证明了一种药物可以完全重塑整个器官系统,并为许多患有类似淋巴管流动障碍的患者带来了希望。

现年14岁的丹尼尔已经恢复大部分正常活动,例如骑自行车、打篮球以及其他训练,如举重和指导足球训练等。他的母亲说:“就在两年多前,丹尼尔必须在家里依靠轮椅接受辅导。现在他回到学校和朋友们一起活动。”

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    2019-07-19 liye789132251
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    2019-07-08 lg.zhao
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    2019-07-06 小微940490

    神奇

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