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Nature :添加人工甜味剂的饮料可能有害人体健康

2016-06-05 佚名 生物谷 Bioon.com

曾经有一段时光,美国洛克菲勒大学分子生物学家Thomas Huber每天喝36盎司健怡可乐(diet cola)。一年多之前,作为Thomas P. Sakmar教授化学生物学与信号转导实验室的一名助理教授,Huber对添加人工调味剂的饮料如何可能影响他的身体对糖的加工能力感到好奇。他决定在他自己身上开展实验。苏打水中添加有阿斯巴甜(aspartame),其中阿斯巴甜是美国FDA批准的一种人工

曾经有一段时光,美国洛克菲勒大学分子生物学家Thomas Huber每天喝36盎司健怡可乐(diet cola)。一年多之前,作为Thomas P. Sakmar教授化学生物学与信号转导实验室的一名助理教授,Huber对添加人工调味剂的饮料如何可能影响他的身体对糖的加工能力感到好奇。他决定在他自己身上开展实验。

苏打水中添加有阿斯巴甜(aspartame),其中阿斯巴甜是美国FDA批准的一种人工甜味剂,缺乏天然糖中让人增肥的卡路里,而且它的潜在毒性最小化。但是,正如之前的研究所提示的那样,血液测试让Huber自己意识到无糖饮料(diet drink)可能并不是含糖饮料的一种安全的替代物。

通过与洛克菲勒大学医院高级医师Sakmar和康奈尔大学韦尔-康奈尔医学院医科学生John Paddock合作,Huber如今正在寻找其他的喝无糖饮料的人来参加一项临床试验以便研究阿斯巴甜对代谢的长期影响。研究人员猜测尽管存在差异,但是其他人工甜味剂可能导致类似的破坏。

这项正在进行的临床试验研究每天至少喝36盎司无糖苏打水而且健康情形良好的人。

不能够欺骗肠道

Huber提出一种假设来解释他在他自己的血液研究和之前的研究中观察到的异常:“最近,变得清晰的是在舌头上发现的甜味受体同样也存在小肠内壁上。因此,如果人工甜味剂激活这些肠道受体会怎样?而且,如果长期地大量地摄入这些甜味剂过度激活这些受体从而阻止对食物作出正常反应会怎样?”

研究人员猜测,过度激活这些甜味受体成为一个问题,这是因为它们促进有助控制血糖(即血液中的葡萄糖)的肠促胰岛素(incretin)激素释放。这些激素调节胰岛素产生,其中胰岛素促进细胞移除血液中的葡萄糖从而限制它的浓度。如果在一段时间内,血糖处于较高的水平,那么葡萄糖会导致与糖尿病并发症相关联的损害。

在降低血糖之前,这种肠促胰岛素系统让胰岛素释放先行一步。当食物经过小肠时,这些甜味受体捕捉食物中的糖分,促进肠促胰岛素(包括GLP-1)释放,从而告诉胰腺开始释放胰岛素。Huber想知道包括阿斯巴甜在内的人工甜味剂当大量摄入时是否可能像糖分那样发挥作用:过度激活这些甜味受体,改变肠促胰岛素系统。

Huber对自己进行的测试被称作葡萄糖耐量试验(glucose tolerance test),它涉及喝含有确定糖含量的溶液,然后监控2个小时内的血糖水平。首次测试揭示出在2个小时内血糖水平异常增加;但是在他把他的喝苏打水习惯中断3个月后,再次对他自己进行测试,这时血糖水平恢复正常。

适应甜味

这项临床试验遵从一种大体相似的模式:研究人员追踪参与者喝无糖苏打水(diet soda)时、停止3个月不喝期间和随后再次继续喝时的血糖和肠促胰岛素水平。研究人员也监控栖息在参与者肠道中的微生物,这些微生物可能在代谢变化(包括与人工甜味剂相关联的那些变化)中发挥着作用。

Huber的假设聚焦在肠道中的甜味受体。这一假设是因他自己在Sakmar实验室中研究在人类生物学中起着至关重要作用的大型G蛋白偶联受体家族而受到启发的。正如在我们的感觉中发挥至关重要作用的其他受体一样,甜味受体也属于这个家族。

对一些人(包括喝大量无糖苏打水的那些人)而言,对甜味的欲望似乎不断加深。G蛋白偶联受体的生物学功能能够解释这一点;依赖于这些受体接收到的刺激量,它们能够变得不再敏感,或者变得更加敏感。

Sakmar说,“比如,一旦光线照进暗室中,它首先可能似乎变得非常明亮,但是你的视力很快就能适应。如果你持续吃人工甜味剂或糖的话,也会如此。这种脱敏最可能促进一些人摄入更多。好消息是对甜味的欲望增加以及相伴随的糖代谢问题似乎是可逆的。”

新闻出处:

Do artificial sweeteners live up to the promise of sweetness without harm?

相关文献:

Jotham Suez et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota, Nature (2014). DOI: 10.1038/nature13793 

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    2016-07-12 liye789132251
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881086, encodeId=8d6c1881086f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 11:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=127496, encodeId=c97112e496ce, content=看来还是喝白开水吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 14:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88791, encodeId=005a88e9149, content=早有定沦,司致脑瘤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 07:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88738, encodeId=945188e38e0, content=这个已习惯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88739, encodeId=5a7b88e393f, content=中国不怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88740, encodeId=10eb88e40f8, content=还有比这更厉害啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88571, encodeId=6e76885e18a, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=d0921674448, createdName=gyczyxy, createdTime=Sun Jun 05 20:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-15 舒心和人

    看来还是喝白开水吧

    0

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    2016-06-06 忠诚向上

    早有定沦,司致脑瘤

    0

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    2016-06-06 milkshark

    这个已习惯

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881086, encodeId=8d6c1881086f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 11:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=127496, encodeId=c97112e496ce, content=看来还是喝白开水吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 14:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88791, encodeId=005a88e9149, content=早有定沦,司致脑瘤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 07:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88738, encodeId=945188e38e0, content=这个已习惯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88739, encodeId=5a7b88e393f, content=中国不怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88740, encodeId=10eb88e40f8, content=还有比这更厉害啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88571, encodeId=6e76885e18a, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=d0921674448, createdName=gyczyxy, createdTime=Sun Jun 05 20:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-06 milkshark

    中国不怕

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881086, encodeId=8d6c1881086f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 11:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=127496, encodeId=c97112e496ce, content=看来还是喝白开水吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Thu Sep 15 14:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88791, encodeId=005a88e9149, content=早有定沦,司致脑瘤, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 07:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88738, encodeId=945188e38e0, content=这个已习惯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88739, encodeId=5a7b88e393f, content=中国不怕, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88740, encodeId=10eb88e40f8, content=还有比这更厉害啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Mon Jun 06 06:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=88571, encodeId=6e76885e18a, content=了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=d0921674448, createdName=gyczyxy, createdTime=Sun Jun 05 20:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-06 milkshark

    还有比这更厉害啊

    0

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    2016-06-05 gyczyxy

    了解

    0

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