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Front.aging-neurosci-FGF21调节小胶质细胞极化,减弱帕金森病小鼠和细胞模型的神经变性

2021-12-28 brainnew神内神外 网络

帕金森病 (PD) 是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,其特征是中脑多巴胺能神经元的慢性变性。PD 过程的确切机制尚不清楚,迫切需要新的早期检测标志物和治疗靶点

帕金森病 (PD) 是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,其特征是中脑多巴胺能神经元的慢性变性。PD 过程的确切机制尚不清楚,迫切需要新的早期检测标志物和治疗靶点。因此,增加多巴胺能神经元的存活或减轻神经炎症可能代表新的治疗策略。成纤维细胞生长因子 21 (FGF21) 是一种经典的代谢调节剂,通过成纤维细胞生长因子信号传导在葡萄糖和脂质代谢中发挥关键作用。
最近的研究表明,FGF21 可以预防多巴胺能神经元中由淀粉样蛋白-β和 MPP +诱导的神经毒性。FGF21被认为是减轻 PD神经变性的一个有希望的目标,而小胶质细胞极化和随后的神经炎症反应被确定为帕金森病 (PD) 进展的关键因素。但 FGF21 在 PD体内小胶质细胞极化方面的研究还有很大空缺,因此来自温州医科大学的研究团队建立体内和体外模型研究FGF21 是否通过调节PD中的小胶质细胞极化来增强脑功能。

研究结果

1、FGF21可预防MPTP损伤小鼠的运动和认知缺陷

为了测试 FGF21 的治疗潜力,PD组和FGF21组腹腔注射 MPTP-HCL 1周,对照组注射生理盐水。对三组进行杆测试、旋转杆测试和开放场测试以监测运动功能(图 1A)。在极点测试中,PD小鼠下降到地板的总时间显着增加,FGF21治疗减少了这一时间(图 1B)。FGF21 还显着减少了MPTP注射引起的行为缺陷(图 1C)。在空场试验中,PD小鼠在探索空场中心部分的时间往往较少,FGF21处理显着增加了竞技场中心部分的自发活动(图1D,E)。在水迷宫测试中,MPTP注射导致平台潜伏期更长,表明PD小鼠的空间学习能力下降,而使用FGF21后损伤减弱。
图1 FGF21治疗预防 PD 小鼠的运动缺陷
2、FGF21抑制MPTP损伤小鼠的NF-κB通路并增强M2小胶质细胞极化

FGF21显着降低了M1小胶质细胞标志物IL-1β、TNF-α和CD 68的基因表达(图2A)。PD 小鼠中,IL-1β 和 TNF-α 的mRNA 表达被FGF21处理阻断(图2C)。更重要的是,纹状体中 M2小胶质细胞(CD206、Arg-1)基因 mRNA 表达水平的上调,进一步证实了 FGF21 促进了中脑和纹状体中的M2表型转化(图 2D)。此外,p65(NF-κB 通路的关键成员)的磷酸化在患有PD的小鼠中显着升高,这种激活被 FGF21 降低(图 2E)。WB结果分析进一步表明FGF21通过抑制NF-κB途径减轻小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应(图2F)。
图2 FGF21抑制NF-κB通路并促进 PD小鼠中脑和纹状体的M2表型转化
3、FGF21通过提高SIRT1活性促进M1小胶质细胞向M2小胶质细胞的转变

用LPS诱导BV2小胶质细胞,构建体外模型,通过FGF21处理来研究FGF21调节小胶质细胞极化的机制。结果显示,LPS 诱导的 IL-1β和 TNF-α 上调在 BV2 细胞系中被 FGF21 处理阻断(图3A)。在 FGF21 处理的细胞中观察到 Arg-1和 IL-10的显着增加(图3B)。此外,p65 磷酸化的蛋白质水平响应 LPS 显着升高,并且这种激活也被 FGF21 降低(图3C,D)。NF-κB p65免疫反应染色进一步显示FGF21处理后细胞核NF-κB p65显着降低,表明FGF21处理后标志物NF-κB失活(图3E)。更重要的是,SIRT1 蛋白(一种影响 NF-κB 信号传导和小胶质细胞活化的脱乙酰酶)被 FGF21 处理上调(图3C,D)。与体外结果一致,FGF21 处理也显着增加了 SIRT1蛋白表达(图3F)。早期的体外和体内结果证明,FGF21 可能通过SIRT1/NF-κB 途径防止小胶质细胞活化。
图3 FGF21 在 BV2 细胞培养物中抑制 LPS 诱导的小胶质细胞活化
最后,作者注射了 SIRT1 拮抗剂,消除了 BV2 细胞系中的 FGF21 所引起的效应,并且证明FGF21 通过抑制小胶质细胞活化来防止多巴胺能神经元凋亡。
综上,在这项研究中,作者首次说明 FGF21 显著减轻了MPTP 诱导的小鼠的运动症状和认知功能障碍。最重要的是,FGF21的保护作用与其对多巴胺能神经元的代谢调节作用无关,是通过小胶质细胞极化介导的。
MPTP诱导M1型小胶质细胞持续激活,而FGF21增强M1/M2小胶质细胞极化并抑制小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应。体内和体外结果进一步证实,FGF21通过调节SIRT1 /NF-κB途径促进M2小胶质极化。这项研究的结果为FGF21通过SIRT1/NF-κB 通路介导的小胶质细胞极化在PD病理学中发挥保护作用提供了新的分子机制。
 
 

参考文献

Changwei Yang, Wuqiong Wang, Pengxi Deng, Chen Li, Liangcai Zhao and Hongchang Gao,Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Modulates Microglial Polarization That Attenuates Neurodegeneration in Mice and Cellular Models of Parkinson's Disease,Front. Aging Neurosci., 22 December 2021.
编译作者:  原代美少女 (Brainnews创作团队) 
校审: Simon (Brainnews编辑部)
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    2021-12-29 lsndxfj
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    2021-12-29 huangdf
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    2021-12-29 zhty5339
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