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陈茂:二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄的TAVI治疗现状及问题

2020-11-30 《门诊》杂志 门诊新视野

由于特殊的解剖结构及力学表现,二叶式主动脉狭窄(BAV)患者行TAVI治疗的手术并发症风险及操作难度均明显高于普通的三叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者。

由于特殊的解剖结构及力学表现,二叶式主动脉狭窄(BAV)患者行TAVI治疗的手术并发症风险及操作难度均明显高于普通的三叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者。不过,随着诊疗技术的提升以及介入器械的更新换代,TAVI在BAV人群中的应用频率逐渐增加,越来越多的介入医师对此产生了极大兴趣。2020成都国际心脏瓣膜病介入治疗会议(PCR-CIT CHINA CHENGDU VALVES 2020)期间,四川大学华西医院陈茂教授结合丰富的临床实践经验与最新临床研究数据结果,就二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者应用TAVI治疗的现状及现存问题进行了详细阐述。

二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄患者中TAVI的应用现状

近年来,TAVI领域的循证医学证据日益丰富,适应证范围不断扩大,在这一良好的发展形势之下,临床医师亦在设想将TAVI技术广泛用于二叶式主动脉狭窄(BAV)患者这一特殊群体的可行性。

对于所有主动脉瓣狭窄患者来说,术前CT都是一项必不可少的辅助工具,在BAV人群中更是如此。早在2016年,Jilaihawi等人就在JACC Imaging发文指出,术前CT的应用可令中度瓣周漏下降一半以上(20.4% vs. 11.5%,P=0.003),并几乎可完全避免重度瓣周漏的发生(8.2% vs. 0,P=0.003)。此外,2017年Yoon等人发表的一项研究结果提示,BAV患者行TAVI手术植入新型生物瓣膜可有效改善预后结果。

尽管在临床医师的种种努力之下,TAVI在BAV人群中的应用效果得到了一定程度提升,但不可否认的是,这类患者的器械成功率相对偏低,而术后并发症风险更高。2019年,Ueshima等人所发表的一项研究对比了BAV与TAV患者行TAVI治疗的综合结果,二者在30天死亡率及1年死亡率方面并无显着差异;但BAV组的中、重度残余瓣周漏(OR:1.67;95%CI:1.29~2.17;P=0.0001)、植入2枚瓣膜(OR:2.06;95%CI:1.31~3.25;P=0.002)以及瓣环破裂(OR:4.95;95%CI:0.86~28.4;P=0.07)等参数的风险相对更高,因此,若想让BAV成为TAVI的完全适应证,尚有一段路要走。

如何改进TAVI在BAV人群的应用疗效?

综合而言,临床医师应从心脏团队协作(Heart Team Approach)、严格的术前策略制定(Rigorous Planning)、适合的技术(Appropriate intra-procedural techniques)以及特殊情况下的防范措施(Precautions in specific scenarios)四个主要层面优化TAVI在BAV人群中的应用。一名BAV患者应行TAVI治疗还是外科手术主要取决于患者的年龄、外科手术风险、解剖风险、患者意愿、合并症、TAVI可行性及预期疗效等多个因素,这需要术者与心脏团队成员在术前进行充分的探讨与权衡。

除此之外,临床上在BAV患者群体中,瓣膜尺寸的选择仍无法达到理想程度,这就带来了许多术中/术后问题:如瓣膜尺寸选择过大,则在TAVI术中极可能发生瓣膜异位从而导致瓣周漏过大,进而需要后扩张引发瓣环破裂等问题;而瓣膜尺寸选择过小时,人工瓣膜-患者不匹配(PPM)风险往往将偏高。尽管当前有大量研究针对瓣膜的尺寸选择问题展开了深入探索,亦有诸如瓣环上结构、balloon sizing、Intercommissural distance、CASPER算法等多种计算模型/方法问世(图1),但这恰恰表明,我们现在缺乏一个统一的标准化方法来进行瓣膜尺寸衡量,且这些算法的有效性并未得到大规模随机对照试验的验证,故在多数情况下临床医师仍是在依据自身经验而非科学性结果来进行判断。

图1. 各类瓣膜尺寸计算模型/方法

与此同时,BAV患者合并升主动脉疾病的问题亦有待解决。从BAV患者TAVI术后的升主动脉流场图(图2)来看,相比较而言,BAV患者的升主动脉部位血流形成的涡流更多而层流相对更少,且涡流中很大一部分为右手螺旋型涡流,其主动脉的张力、剪切应力等亦明显有别于其他,这些差异的存在意味着日后这类患者很可能出现一系列的不良问题,这就需要临床医师去努力发现、改善。

图2. AVR后的典型升主动脉流场图

最后也是最重要的一个问题为瓣膜的椭圆度,鉴于目前BAV患者普遍较为年轻,临床上往往推荐先行TAVI,在发生二次病变时再行二次TAVI,这就涉及到二叶瓣与三叶瓣的共性问题——瓣膜的耐久性。由于BAV患者本身特殊的解剖学特点,在TAVI术中,术者往往无法令所有层面都达到圆形结构,而这种椭圆形结构对于瓣膜的耐久度是否会存在显着的不利影响尚未可知,未来还需开展更多的临床研究予以论证。

总 结

在患者年龄日益年轻化的趋势下,BAV在TAVI治疗中将愈发常见。尽管存在一定的技术挑战,但目前TAVI在BAV群体中的应用效果仍达到了临床可接受的程度,CT技术、新型瓣膜的运用等均为其“添色”不少。不过,BAV患者行TAVI手术的瓣膜选择、残余瓣周漏、术后剪切应力及涡流等问题仍待解决,未来临床上还需开展更多研究予以明确。

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