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解读LADA China研究——中国成人自身免疫糖尿病的首项全国性多中心研究

2013-07-26 MedSci MedSci原创

【导语】LADA China 研究是在中国新诊断2 型糖尿病患者中首次开展的一项全国多中心调查。该项研究的最新研究成果已在Diabetes 杂志(2013)发表。本文介绍LADA China研究的主要成果,并进一步讨论其重要的临床意义。(作者:中南大学湘雅二医院内分泌科 向宇飞 周智广)糖尿病在中国乃至世界范围快速增长。其中有一类由T淋巴细胞介导的胰岛β细胞逐渐破坏的自身免疫糖尿病,既往多在儿童青

【导语】LADA China 研究是在中国新诊断2 型糖尿病患者中首次开展的一项全国多中心调查。该项研究的最新研究成果已在Diabetes 杂志(2013)发表。本文介绍LADA China研究的主要成果,并进一步讨论其重要的临床意义。(作者:中南大学湘雅二医院内分泌科 向宇飞 周智广)

糖尿病在中国乃至世界范围快速增长。其中有一类由T淋巴细胞介导的胰岛β细胞逐渐破坏的自身免疫糖尿病,既往多在儿童青少年中进行研究。自1995年起,本中心对成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(LADA) 进行了十余年的系统研究。随着研究的深入,我们意识到单中心的数据不足以代表中国人群。而包括欧洲、韩国、日本、美国等多个国家关于LADA的多中心研究正风起云涌。因此,开展反映中国人群LADA的多中心研究势在必行。2006年,来自中国25座城市的46所大学附属三级甲等医院代表相聚长沙,启动了中国成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病多中心研究———LADA China 研究[1]。该研究旨在调查中国人群中LADA的流行病学、免疫遗传及临床特征。本次研究的结果已在Diabetes杂志刊发[1]。

其主要研究成果包括:

报道了以医院门诊为基础的新诊断2型糖尿病患者中自身免疫糖尿病的患病率。


全国25 个城市46 个中心( 均为三级甲等医院) 连续招募病程1 年内的临床诊断为2型糖尿病的患者共计5324例。本次发表数据均为30岁以上、起病半年内无酮症、不依赖胰岛素治疗(胰岛素治疗<1个月) 的临床初诊2型糖尿病患者资料。此外,我们筛选了495名口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)阴性无糖尿病及自身免疫疾病家族史的正常人(男386,女
109)作为对照,参与遗传学研究。最终在符合条件的4880 例临床初诊2型糖尿病患者中筛查出LADA患者共287例( 5.9%;男178,女109),其中180例参与免疫遗传学研究。2型糖尿病患者共4593例(男2728,女1865),无酮症和酮症酸中毒病史,谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA) 为阴性。其中174例参与遗传学研究,与LADA组年龄、性别匹配。287例LADA无性别、年龄、民族差异。值得注意的是在秦岭-淮河以北的中国北方,LADA患病率显著高于南方(北方6.5%,南方5.4%),其中纬度最高气候最寒冷的东北患病率最高(7.1%),相反西南患病率最低(4.0%)。

描述了中国LADA患者的临床特征。

通过与抗体阴性的2型糖尿病患者的临床资料比较,我们发现LADA患者体型偏瘦,胰岛β细胞功能减退更严重,同时较少合并高甘油三酯血症、高血压病、肥胖及代谢综合征。且本研究报道了GADA在LADA中的双峰分布模式。其中26.5%的患者为GADA高滴度(≥180U/ml),73.5%的患者为GADA 低滴度(<180 U/ml),前者比后者起病年龄更小,体型更瘦,血压及甘油三酯水平更低,胰岛β细胞功能更差,以及代谢综合征患病率更低。低GADA 滴度LADA组与2型糖尿病组(GADA阴性)相比,仅有高密度脂蛋白胆固醇( HDL-C)水平具有差别。

描述了中国LADA 患者的免疫遗传学特征。

中国LADA的遗传背景与欧洲相似。糖尿病易感性人类白细胞抗原(HLA),即人类主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)单倍型( 例如DQA1 * 03-DQB1 * 0302、DQA1 * 03-DQB1 * 0303、DQA1 * 03-DQB1 * 0401及DQA1 * 05-DQB1 * 0201)频率[63.9% (115/180)] 远高于2型糖尿病[47.1% (82/174)]或对照组[43.2% (214/495)],而LADA 组中糖尿病保护性HLA 单倍型( 例如DQA1 * 0102-DQB1* 0601,DQA1 * 0102-DQB1 * 0602 及DQA1 * 0601-DQB1 * 0301)频率[22.8% (41/180)]远低于2型糖尿病[33.3% (58/174)]或对照组[32.7% (162/495)]。其中GADA 高滴度的HLA-DQ糖尿病易感型DQA1 * 05-DQB1 * 0303高于低滴度组[38.8% (19/49)比13.7% (18/131),P<0.001]。南北方LADA 组的HLA-DQ易感性[69.3% (70/101) 对57.0% (45/79)])及保护性单倍型[18.8% (19/101)对27.7% (22/79)]比例基本相同。

从目前研究结果,我们可以得到如下启示:

自身免疫糖尿病在中国的患病率被低估。


既往在中国进行的Diamond研究发现,中国15岁以下的儿童患者中经典1型糖尿病的发病率显著低于白种人群[2],自身免疫是儿童1型糖尿病的主要致病机制。成人自身免疫性糖尿病与经典的青少年儿童起病的1型糖尿病一样具有HLA易感型基因和胰岛自身抗体。通过LADA China研究,我们发现在临床新诊断2型糖尿病患者中,GADA 阳性的患者比例高达5.9%。这是否提示在中国,自身免疫糖尿病的主要表现形式是以成人起病? 如果将LADA考虑在内,实际上自身免疫糖尿病患病率在中国人群中是被严重低估的。

环境因素对自身免疫糖尿病的发病具有重要影响。

经典1 型糖尿病的发病率已证实有显著的南北地域差异(0.69/10万人年对0.34/10万人年),这与欧洲的情况相似[2]。中国南北方的气候、地理、生活方式及饮食习惯显著不同。而差别最为显著的东北部和西南部(发病率相差近2倍)中,东北部冬季长达4-6个月,而西南部少于1个月。中国南北地域LADA 两极化的发生率不能用免疫或HLA-DQ遗传差异来解释,这提示环境和生活方式在内的非免疫遗传学因素可能对其发病率有影响。

高、低抗体滴度LADA的不同临床及遗传学特征提示糖尿病是一个连续的疾病谱。

高GADA滴度LADA与2型糖尿病在起病年龄、体重指数、胰岛β细胞功能及代谢综合征的患病率等方面的差别更明显。低GADA滴度的LADA与2型糖尿病仅在HDL-C 等方面有所不同。这提示高滴度GADA能更好更准确地反映疾病的进程及胰岛素分泌功能的衰退情况。我们的研究显示,高滴度GADA的LADA更类似于1型糖尿病,而低滴度GADA的LADA更接近于2型糖尿病[3]。从经典1型糖尿病、LADA到2型糖尿病,这是一个连续的疾病谱。值得注意的是中国高滴度GADA患者约占LADA患者总数的四分之一,但意大利研究报道为二分之一。

中国LADA人群与白种人群既有相似,又有区别。

中国LADA患病率比北欧多中心研究的报道更低,但是比部分南欧、日本及韩国的亚洲研究报道稍高。在英国前瞻性糖尿病研究( UKPDS)中,30岁以上的GADA患病率降低,而中国GADA患病率与年龄无关系。另外,我们之前发现LADA 患者比1型糖尿病患者代谢综合征伴发率更高[4,5],这一结论与欧洲研究一致。欧洲研究发现DQA1 * 03-DQB1 * 0302与自身免疫性糖尿病有密切联系,而中国LADA易感基因主要为包括DQA1 * 03-DQB1 * 0303和DQA1 * 05-DQB1 * 0201在内的中危单倍型[6]。这提示中国LADA的免疫基因型比欧洲LADA更温和。因此,β细胞功能丧失可能性减小。

LADA China研究是关于中国成人免疫糖尿病的首项全国性多中心研究[1]。该研究的多项发现,已引起世界自身免疫糖尿病专家的关注。Diabetes同期配发了专门的评论文章,由LADA China的研究数据引申出对于LADA定义及干预策略的反思[7]。随着世界各地LADA多中心研究的相继报道[8],我们相信,关于糖尿病发病的自身免疫机制研究将掀起新的高潮。

【参考文献】

[1] Zhou Z, Xiang Y, Ji L, et al.Frequency, Immunogenetics, and Clinical Characteristics of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in China(LADA China Study): A nationwide, multicenter, clinic-basedcross-sectional study. Diabetes, 2013,62:543-550.

[2] Karvonen M, Viik-Kajander M,Moltchanova E, et al. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide.Diabetes Mondiale( DiaMond) Project Group. Diabetes Care, 2000,23:1516-1526.

[3] Li X, Yang L, Zhou Z, et al. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody levels discriminate two subtypes of latentautoimmune diabetes in adults. Chin Med J(Engl), 2003,116:1728-1732.

[4] Li X, Zhou Z, Huang G, et al. Metabolic syndrome in adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes. Metab Syndr Relat Disord,2005,3:174-180.

[5] Xiang Y, Zhou P, Li X, et al.Heterogeneity of altered cytokine levels across the clinical spectrum ofdiabetes in China. Diabetes Care,2011,34:1639-1641.

[6] Lin J, Zhou ZG, Wang JP, et al. From type1, through LADA, to type 2 diabetes: a continuous spectrum? Ann N Y AcadSci,2008,1150:99-102.

[7] Redondo MJ. LADA: Time for a new definition. Diabetes, 2013,62:339-340.

[8] Leslie RD, Kolb H, Schloot NC, et al.Diabetes classification: grey zones, sound, and smoke: Action LADA 1. DiabetesMetab Res Rev, 2008,24:511-519.

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    2013-09-02 chenlianhui
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    2014-06-20 drwjr
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943997, encodeId=deb3194399e47, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=80521066245' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#LADA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10662, encryptionId=80521066245, topicName=LADA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fa4f352, createdName=chenlianhui, createdTime=Mon Sep 02 07:38:00 CST 2013, time=2013-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2008094, encodeId=d38e2008094bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f244465139' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CHINA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4651, encryptionId=f244465139, topicName=CHINA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Fri Jun 20 17:38:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1903892, encodeId=669219038926d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d454302945' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43029, encryptionId=7d454302945, topicName=多中心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Mon Dec 30 16:38:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1909482, encodeId=8c48190948223, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16c6430324c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心研究#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43032, encryptionId=16c6430324c, topicName=多中心研究)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=85aa264, createdName=redcrab, createdTime=Mon May 26 05:38:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1264480, encodeId=efca1264480c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=150f19229c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ADA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1922, encryptionId=150f19229c, topicName=ADA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad9f79, createdName=般若傻瓜, createdTime=Sun Jul 28 13:38:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943997, encodeId=deb3194399e47, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=80521066245' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#LADA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10662, encryptionId=80521066245, topicName=LADA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fa4f352, createdName=chenlianhui, createdTime=Mon Sep 02 07:38:00 CST 2013, time=2013-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2008094, encodeId=d38e2008094bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f244465139' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CHINA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4651, encryptionId=f244465139, topicName=CHINA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e964, createdName=drwjr, createdTime=Fri Jun 20 17:38:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1903892, encodeId=669219038926d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d454302945' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43029, encryptionId=7d454302945, topicName=多中心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Mon Dec 30 16:38:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1909482, encodeId=8c48190948223, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16c6430324c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心研究#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43032, encryptionId=16c6430324c, topicName=多中心研究)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=85aa264, createdName=redcrab, createdTime=Mon May 26 05:38:00 CST 2014, time=2014-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1264480, encodeId=efca1264480c2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=150f19229c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ADA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1922, encryptionId=150f19229c, topicName=ADA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ad9f79, createdName=般若傻瓜, createdTime=Sun Jul 28 13:38:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-07-28 般若傻瓜
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