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Cell:髓系细胞免疫信号枢纽——TREM2

2020-07-26 雪月 BioArt

阿尔茨海默症,肥胖相关的代谢综合症和肿瘤是当今导致死亡的主要原因。 最新的研究表明,在这些疾病情况下, TREM2作为病理学诱导的免疫信号枢纽,可响应组织损伤,并进行免疫重塑。

阿尔茨海默症,肥胖相关的代谢综合症和肿瘤是当今导致死亡的主要原因。 最新的研究表明,在这些疾病情况下, TREM2作为病理学诱导的免疫信号枢纽,可响应组织损伤,并进行免疫重塑。在疾病发展回归中,发挥不可替代的作用。

以色列Weizmann研究所的Ido Amit、Aleksandra Deczkowska和Assaf Weiner共同在Cell上发表了题为The Physiology, Pathology, and Potential Therapeutic Applications of the TREM2 Signaling Pathway的观点文章。本文章主要概述了有关TREM2信号转导及其在病理学中作用,以为相关研究的未来方向。

近年来,越来越多的研究表明髓系来源的细胞在各种病理学中的核心作用。其中髓系细胞触发受体2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 TREM2)被认为是病理性诱导的免疫信号枢纽。TREM2是多种配体的受体,这些配体大多是组织损伤的标志。在生理状态下中,TREM2的活性仅限在特定的组织中,而在病理状态中,TREM2信号途径成为感知组织损伤并抑制损伤的免疫信号枢纽。这些发现也激发了学术界和工业界的热情,以探索调控TREM2活性的策略,并用于治疗疾病的可能性。

Trem2配体和信号转导:已知和未知

TREM2属于免疫球蛋白超家族,是一种跨膜受体。TREM2有多种配体,主要为游离的结合在质膜上的带负电分子,包括细菌的成分、DNA、脂蛋白和磷脂。TREM2有一个胞外域,该胞外域包含有一个V型免疫球蛋白结构域、一个短胞外域、一个跨膜螺旋结构域和一个短胞质尾端,没有信号转导和运输基序。在小鼠巨噬细胞中TREM2可以与接头蛋白DAP12和DAP10结合。TREM2与配体结合后,共受体分子会被磷酸化,募集细胞内的信号转导分子(DAP12对应Syk,DAP10对应PI3K)。在小鼠巨噬细胞中,钙离子动员需要DAP12,DAP10对于AKT1和ERK激活很重要。

目前的研究表明TREM2信号及其复杂。首先TREM2与不同的配体结合,能调控TREM2信号转导的方向并能产生不同的效应。广泛的配体范围,让TREM2结合作用大大复杂化。低亲和力的配体可以促进DAP12,通过SHP-1-Syk,抑制细胞活化。在细菌感染、病原体入侵等组织损伤和细胞死亡等情况下,TREM2结合表面磷脂以及细胞碎片等。在阿尔茨海默病大脑中,TREM2可以直接与病理性β-淀粉样蛋白结合,与淀粉样蛋白形成斑块。

其次细胞内生物过程也能调节TREM2信号转导。TREM下游信号调节取决于DAP10和DAP12的活性状态,这也由细胞类型和细胞状态决定的。TREM2信号与组织损伤和疾病病理最相关,因此TREM2信号与危险信号激活的信号途径之间的互通显得非常重要。与细胞凋亡碎片吞噬有关的TAM受体可以与表达在小胶质细胞的TREM2结合,但是两种信号之间的相互作用却知之甚少。

TREM2信号调节也可以通过控制其表达来实现。研究发现刺激PPAR、LXR和RXR可以促进小鼠中TREM2和其他吞噬相关受体表达。小鼠中TREM2可以被micro-RNA miR-34a抑制。TREM2也会在NF-κB激活时表达上升。在阿尔茨海默症患者大脑和黄斑病变患者眼睛中其表达明显上升。

TREM2信号激活和调控是一个复杂的过程,主要取决于组织微环境和细胞内状态。对于TREM2信号调控以及与其共受体如何相互作用还需要更多研究。为了更加透彻的了解TREM2信号整合到其他细胞生物学过程中,还需要加大力度研究TREM2信号激活的下游机制以TREM2依赖的、参与的表型转化过程中的分子联系。

TREM2信号及其调控策略

TREM2的生理作用

在特定的环境中,即大脑和骨骼中,TREM2在组织发育和功能维持中有着非常重要的地位,TREM通过表达在髓样细胞小胶质细胞和破骨细胞来实现这一功能。通过单细胞RNA转录组测序发现,TREM特异性表达在少量的人组织特异性巨噬细胞中,如大脑(小胶质细胞)、脂肪组织、肾上腺和胎盘中的巨噬细胞中。但是TREM2在一些特定组织巨噬细胞中的作用还有待确定。在细胞水平上,TREM2信号会在不同的背景下诱导细胞表型和功能变化,这个过程依赖于TREM2参与的多种生物学过程,包括吞噬作用、代谢过程、细胞存活以及抑炎作用。

吞噬作用和代谢

TREM2缺失的小鼠或者体外培养的TREM2缺失的细胞会减少对凋亡细胞碎片、脂蛋白、细菌等的吞噬作用。将TREM2在CHO细胞中过表达会诱导吞噬细菌作用。但TREM2依赖的吞噬作用机制尚没有阐明。在CHO细胞中TREM2诱导的吞噬作用依赖于Rac和Cdc42介导的肌动蛋白重组以及Syk激酶活性。然而在TREM2缺失小鼠的小胶质细胞吞噬细胞凋亡碎片的效果没有明显差异。但是胆固醇外流受到明显抑制,导致胆固醇酯和氧化胆固醇酯累积。这些代谢中间产物在阿尔茨海默症和动脉粥样硬化斑块中也同样得到累积。目前的研究只能表明TREM2参与了凋亡细胞清除过程,但是机理知之甚少。

炎症抵抗作用

吞噬凋亡细胞碎片本身就是一种防止继发性坏死,抑制释放内源性促炎危险信号的机制。凋亡碎片清除过程的关键分子会使小鼠发展成慢性炎症疾病。研究表明,TREM2促进吞噬作用,抑制免疫激活过程。分子水平上的研究表明,小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞会以TREM2依赖的方式促进抗炎基因的表达。但是TREM2也能够与细菌产物结合,理论上会导致免疫激活。因此需要重点研究细菌激活的信号与其他免疫信号之间的互通,多种信号加上对于细胞类型和状态的整合,最终呈现出在复杂的体内环境中,TREM2和配体相互作用的表型结果。

促进细胞存活

研究表明体外环境生长因子耗竭时,TREM2信号可以促进巨噬细胞存活,在体内应激环境如组织损伤、炎症等也可以促进巨噬细胞存活。TREM2缺失或者功能失调的小胶质细胞会减少葡萄糖使用、糖酵解不足和ATP产生水平降低,导致细胞代谢率降低和存活率下降。TREM2信号对于破骨细胞分化成熟至关重要。缺失TREM2的小鼠破骨细胞数量明显减少。TREM2对于诱导单核细胞来源的脂质相关巨噬细胞也是必需的。此类细胞定位于脂肪组织中,在肥胖症中调节代谢综合征。TREM2是调控多种髓系来源细胞的信号枢纽。但是在生理条件下,仅在特定组织中观察到TREM2缺失会带来不良后果,而在病理情况下,TREM2发挥的作用显得更加重要。

Trem2在疾病中的不同作用

阿尔茨海默症

构建TREM2缺失的神经退行性小鼠模型发现了其在这些疾病中的特异性作用。TREM2促进小胶质细胞存活,并向疾病相关的小胶质细胞类型转变。这种细胞类型通过在淀粉样蛋白聚集体周围形成物理屏障来限制斑块发展,该类细胞亚型主要的特征就是吞噬作用和脂质代谢相关基因高表达。在多种人神经退行性疾病中观察到TREM2表达水平的变化,这也进一步凸显了TREM2在人类神经系统疾病中的重要性和作为潜在治疗靶标的可能性。

可溶性TREM2

可溶性STREM2是蛋白水解或者选择性剪接的副产物。人脑脊液中可以检测可溶性TREM2(sTREM2),在多种神经系统疾病患者的脑脊液中,sTREM2的水平明显升高。研究表明sTREM2水平反应了小胶质细胞功能的变化,其水平也随衰老和AD的进展而变化。疾病无症状期sTREM2水平较低,早期症状时达到高峰,对应于早期小胶质细胞功能激活,进展期则略微减弱。在应激状态下sTREM2可以促进髓系细胞存活,这也暗示了其具有治疗潜力。

在肿瘤中的作用

越来越多的证据表明TREM2在肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和髓系来源的抑制性细胞中具有重要作用。有研究表明TREM2在肺癌模型中的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和外周血单核细胞中表达上升。并且其表达量与肿瘤进展呈正相关。TREM2阳性髓系细胞可以明显抑制T细胞增殖。在317例胃癌患者中TREM2的水平与患者预后存在明显负相关。总结来说TREM2在肿瘤微环境中具有重要的促免疫抑制作用。

肥胖,脂肪肝和动脉粥样硬化

肥胖、脂肪肝和动脉粥样硬化的共同特征是慢性低水平炎症状态以及凋亡小体和蛋白质聚集体的积累。TREM2通过促进吞噬作用和抵抗炎症来抑制组织损伤而在这些病理过程中起到关键作用。如前所述,TREM2也可以通过脂质相关巨噬细胞成熟分化参与调控肥胖患者代谢综合征。脂肪相关巨噬细胞可以重塑脂肪组织,抑制脂肪细胞生长。而在动脉粥样硬化和脂肪肝中的巨噬细胞也发现了TREM2具有同样的作用。这些都暗示了TREM2作为治疗相关疾病靶点的潜在可能性。

Trem2治疗药物的策略

TREM2信号逐渐成为阿尔茨海默症、代谢综合征和肿瘤等疾病的信号枢纽。有许多潜在的干预措施可以将TREM2途径作为治疗靶点。最突出的一种方法是利用特定的单克隆抗体或小分子直接靶向受体激活的结构域,从而阻止或者激活下游信号转导。在阿尔茨海默症中靶向TREM2,旨在激活该受体,刺激小胶质细胞吞噬并清除淀粉样蛋白沉积物。另一个潜在的干预策略是引导组织特异性TREM2配体到需要的地方,达到激活效果。然而由于对TREM2配体的了解还有限,这个策略还需要更多的投入。

这些策略的基本原理是通过激活TREM2增强其信号转导,从而促进巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞的功能活性。在肿瘤中则是反其道而行之,TREM2的抗炎和免疫抑制活性促进肿瘤生长和免疫逃逸。在肿瘤中需阻断TREM2信号转导或耗竭TREM2+髓样细胞,从而激活T细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答。

近年来研究学者将注意力集中在髓样细胞中TREM2在各种病理学过程中的核心作用。对TREM2病理信号中央枢纽的功能和调控的研究有益于开发针对髓样细胞介导的疾病的有效免疫疗法。

原始出处:
Aleksandra Deczkowska 1, Assaf Weiner 2, Ido Amit 3.The Physiology, Pathology, and Potential Therapeutic Applications of the TREM2 Signaling Pathway.Cell. 2020 Jun 11;181(6):1207-1217. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.003.

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    2020-08-25 维他命
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    2021-04-29 tongyongming
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    2020-07-28 wincls

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