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Nat Med:脂肪也分好坏?Nature子刊研究发现这种脂肪多的人心脏更健康!

2021-01-20 “心关注”公众号 “心关注”公众号

2021年1月4日,由美国洛克斐勒大学Tobias Becher等人在Nature Medicine在线发表了题为“Brown adipose tissue is associated with ca

2021年1月4日,由美国洛克斐勒大学Tobias Becher等人在Nature Medicine在线发表了题为“Brown adipose tissue is associated with cardiometabolic health”的研究论文。研究人员表示,棕色脂肪——有时也被称为“好”脂肪,对心脏代谢健康有重要贡献,这表明棕色脂肪可能对人类具有治疗潜力。

什么是“好”脂肪?

人体脂肪分为两类——白色脂肪和棕色脂肪。

白色脂肪细胞外观呈浅黄或白色,是身体脂肪的主要构成部分,负责储存多余的热量。

而棕色脂肪(BAT)恰恰相反,在适当的条件下(如低温),能够用来燃烧卡路里以产生热量。

棕色脂肪中有丰富的线粒体,由于线粒体含有细胞色素,所以棕色脂肪外观呈深棕色。棕色脂肪是细胞氧化多种营养素产生能量的“引擎”,是人类和其他哺乳动物特有的一种脂肪,在新生儿和冬眠的哺乳动物中含量很高。

婴儿时期,棕色脂肪会堆积在新生儿肩胛处,帮助维持体温。随着年龄增长,棕色脂肪会逐渐消失。最终,人体内只残存少量棕色脂肪细胞,通常多分布于颈部和肩膀上。虽然棕色脂肪只占成人体重的0.1%,最佳情况下却能燃烧每天基础代谢量的10~20%的热量。

尽管动物研究表明棕色脂肪与葡萄糖和脂质体内稳态的改善之间存在联系,但人们对棕色脂肪对人类的影响还知之甚少。

迄今为止最大的人类研究

18F-FDG PET/CT被认为是棕色脂肪组织筛查的金标准,而仅仅为了研究棕色脂肪而使受试者接受放射性检查显然不合适,因此很难对棕色脂肪进行大规模研究。

而为了防止与肿瘤混淆,放射科医生一般会定期记录下患者棕色脂肪组织。因此这项研究另辟蹊径,与美国排名第一的癌症治疗中心——纪念斯隆·凯特琳癌症中心合作,从癌症筛查时所接受的PET-CT检查入手,获取了2009年6月至2018年3月间52,487名受试者的134,529例PET CT扫描信息,并结合患者资料进行回顾性分析。

研究人员表示这是迄今为止进行的最大规模的相关人类研究,研究测量了受试者身体六个部位(颈部、锁骨上、腋下、纵隔、脊柱旁和腹部)的棕色脂肪组织活性。

▲棕色脂肪常分布区域

最后共在5070名患者中发现了棕色脂肪组织(占9.7%),棕色脂肪在女性中的比例高于男性(13.8% vs. 4.9%;P<0.0001),并且随着年龄的增长而降低。

结果表明棕色脂肪组织与较低的心脏代谢疾病发病率独立相关。在携带棕色脂肪的成年人中,2型糖尿病、冠状动脉疾病、脑血管疾病、充血性心力衰竭和高血压的发病率较没有棕色脂肪的人群明显更低。

此外,棕色脂肪还与葡萄糖,甘油三酸酯和HDL-C水平的显着改善有关(P值均 <0.0001),而低密度脂蛋白或总胆固醇的测量值没有差异。

值得注意的是,这种影响在在超重和肥胖者中更为明显。如在有棕色脂肪的肥胖人群中,2型糖尿病患病率不到无棕色脂肪肥胖人群的一半(7.5% vs. 20.3%;P<0.0001)。

▲根据有无棕色脂肪和不同BMI范围对心脏代谢性疾病患病率进行分层

如何提高棕色脂肪的活性?

近年发表的一些研究显示,棕色脂肪主要在低温、交感神经刺激和运动的情况下,活性会有所增加。

气温降低时,棕色脂肪组织的活性会升高。有研究指出,连续六星期、每天2小时待在17摄氏度房间内,或是连续10天、每天留在15~16摄氏度的低温环境6小时,棕色细胞活性会显着增加。不过这些研究都还只显示棕色组织活性和低温有关,尚无法阐明因果关系。

从食物来说,对交感神经有轻微刺激作用的化学物质,例如儿茶素和咖啡因,也可能提高棕色组织活性。

运动也是个好办法,运动时人体会分泌去甲基肾上腺素、鸢尾素等荷尔蒙,都能活化棕色脂肪细胞。

正如研究者在总结中所说的那样,随着全球肥胖危机的恶化,棕色脂肪组织作为潜在的治疗目标的出现极具吸引力。未来的研究应该着眼于提高我们对棕色脂肪组织在人类中的调节机制的理解,并积极开发安全的棕色脂肪组织活性调节机制。

原始出处:

Becher, T., Palanisamy, S., Kramer, D.J. et al. Brown adipose tissue is associated with cardiometabolic health. Nat Med 27, 58–65 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1126-7.

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    2021-07-03 liye789132251
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    2021-01-20 Jessie Zhang

    棕色脂肪组织作为潜在的治疗目标的出现极具吸引力。未来的研究应该着眼于提高我们对棕色脂肪组织在人类中的调节机制的理解,并积极开发安全的棕色脂肪组织活性调节机制。

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