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吴洲鹏:恶性肿瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞症VTE复发的防治

2020-12-31 《门诊》杂志 门诊新视野

恶性肿瘤是VTE复发的重要风险因素。传统抗凝疗法患者依从性差、抗凝剂量不足,显著增加VTE复发的风险。VTE长期抗凝需要权衡疗效、安全性及患者依从性,利伐沙班更具优势。

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism, VTE)是临床常见病,包括肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism, PE)和深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis, DVT),VTE慢性期易复发。在近期举办的相关学术会议上,来自四川大学华西医院血管外科的吴洲鹏医师,用临床病例,对恶性肿瘤合并复发VTE如何进行有效的抗凝治疗进行了详细阐述。

病史资料(女,50岁) 

首次入院记录(2017年6月)

主诉: 左侧上肢肿胀疼痛。

既往史: 乳腺癌术后,颈内静脉输液港植入术后,规律放化疗一年余。

超声: 左侧颈内静脉输液港处及低回声处血液充盈缺损,考虑血栓形成,右侧颈内静脉未见异常。

凝血: APTT 39.2 s,FIB 3.36 g/L,TT 16.9 s,D-二聚体(ELISA)2089 μg/L

诊疗: 转血管外科,住院7天,期间规律抗凝,左上肢疼痛及肿胀明显减轻,出院带药依诺肝素(6000 IU,Bid)。

再入院记录(2017年7月)

主诉: 患者左侧上肢肿胀疼痛加剧,再次入院。

超声: 左侧颈内静脉输液港植入术后,血栓形成(新发血栓可能)0.64×0.28 cm,右侧颈内静脉未见异常。

诊疗: 入院10天,期间规律抗凝,肿胀疼痛控制良好,出院规律抗凝,带药依诺肝素(6000 IU,Bid)。由于患者依从性不高,依旧每日一次注射。

第三次入院记录(2017年8月)

主诉: 患者左侧上肢肿胀疼痛未见好转再次入院。

超声: 左侧颈内静脉血栓形成2.01×1.04 cm。

诊疗: 给予足量利伐沙班治疗,前3周15 mg,Bid,3周之后20 mg,Qd。

治疗结果

入院第十天患者自述左颈部胀痛消失,左侧颈部及左侧上肢血管超声复查均无血栓。

体格检查: 左颈部浅表血管未见异常,左侧上肢无水肿。

血常规: 白细胞4.24×109/L,血红蛋白89 g/L,血小板152×109/L,中性粒细胞计数2.68×109/L。

凝血系列: APTT 38.2 s,FIB 3.53 g/L,PT 13.1 s,TT 17.3 s,D-二聚体(ELISA)1530 μg/L

讨 论

Q:VTE为何复发?

间接原因:恶性肿瘤是VTE复发的重要风险因素。恶性肿瘤细胞及其产物与宿主细胞相互作用产生高凝状态,引起机体防御血栓形成的功能减低。恶性肿瘤患者多有凝血机制异常,实验室检查表现为纤维蛋白降解产物(FDP)增高、血小板增多、血小板聚集功能亢进、纤维蛋白溶解低下和高纤维蛋白原血症等。肿瘤患者发生VTE的风险较非肿瘤患者至少增加4~6倍,并导致其生存率显著下降。同时,恶性肿瘤患者如应用化学治疗易引起血管内皮细胞的毒性反应及损伤(Figure 1)。

Figure 1

恶性肿瘤导致VTE复发的机制

直接原因:抗凝剂量不足。患者6月依诺肝素抗凝剂量不足,7月改为Bid注射后患者依从性不高,依旧每日一次注射,导致血栓加重。一项国际多中心、前瞻性、观察性注册研究RIETE研究,共纳入1635例VTE患者,对该人群的登记数据进行回顾性分析,研究结果显示至少14%患者抗凝剂量不足,抗凝剂量不足显著增加VTE复发风险(增加约10倍)。抗凝剂量不足的人群特征主要包括年龄>70岁、体重<60 kg、合并肿瘤、CrCl<30 ml/min等4类。

Q:VTE复发应该如何防治?

早期治疗:包括抗凝、溶栓、手术取栓、下腔静脉滤器等。长期治疗主要为抗凝治疗,多应用维生素K拮抗剂(如华法林)、直接Ⅹa因子抑制剂(如利伐沙班)等对预防复发有效的药物。抗凝是VTE的治疗基本,长期抗凝尤其关键。

抗凝药物:分为注射用抗凝药和口服抗凝药。其中,注射用抗凝药有低分子肝素、磺达肝葵钠等,其特点为起效快,但可引起血小板减少,出血风险较高。口服抗凝药包括华法林、达比加群、利伐沙班等,不会发生肝素诱导的血小板减少;缺点包括服药初期一过性高凝倾向,起效缓慢,与食物药物相互作用多,治疗窗狭窄,出血并发症高等,需要进行抗凝功能检查。

美国胸科医师学会(ACCP) 发布的第10版《静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)抗栓治疗指南》推荐:在治疗剂量的抗凝治疗下,VTE复发少见。若出现血栓栓塞,应快速进行以下评估:(1)重新评估是否是VTE复发;(2)评估抗凝治疗的依从性;(3)考虑是否存在恶性肿瘤。若证实血栓栓塞与复发性VTE相关,需进行特定治疗因素评估管理,包括:(1)是否使用低分子量肝素(LMWH);(2)患者是否依从;(3)维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)是否治疗剂量不足;(4)抗凝治疗处方是否正确;(5)患者是否同时服用新型口服抗凝剂(NOACs)--降低抗凝疗效的药物;(6)抗凝剂量是否减低(非VKA的药物)。指南还指出:可用利伐沙班治疗DVT/PE。对于特殊人群,标准剂量利伐沙班显著降低大出血风险。

VTE治疗长期抗凝疗法的临床获益的评估主要从疗效、安全性、依从性三个方面进行。其中疗效和安全性是评估药物临床获益的两个首要指标,长期给药时还需要考虑患者依从性。综合考虑,LMWH是最佳选择:对于无肿瘤患者,NOACs优于VKA;未接受NOACs的患者,VKA优于LMWH;合并肿瘤的患者,LMWH优于VKA、NOACs;未接受LMWH的患者,NOACs与VKA的推荐不分先后。

总 结

恶性肿瘤是VTE复发的重要风险因素。传统抗凝疗法患者依从性差、抗凝剂量不足,显著增加VTE复发的风险。VTE长期抗凝需要权衡疗效、安全性及患者依从性,利伐沙班更具优势。

利伐沙班在VTE长期治疗的疗效确切,显著降低VTE复发,其安全性与传统疗法相当。利伐沙班口服给药,长期使用一日一次,显著提高患者治疗满意度,依从性更好,更容易达到足剂量抗凝的要求。因此利伐沙班用于恶性肿瘤合并复发VTE的防治具有更高的临床净获益。

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    2021-05-28 fusion
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