Baidu
map

Cell重大突破:“诺奖得主”青蒿素或可治疗糖尿病!

2016-12-03 佚名 生物探索

Immunofluorescence image of sectioned human islets treated with 10 mM artemether co-stained for nuclei (blue), ARX (white), glucagon (red) and C-peptide (green). Credit: Cell Press/Stefan Kubicek, CeM



Immunofluorescence image of sectioned human islets treated with 10 mM artemether co-stained for nuclei (blue), ARX (white), glucagon (red) and C-peptide (green). Credit: Cell Press/Stefan Kubicek, CeMM

目前,糖尿病已成为全球最严重的公共卫生问题之一。据国际糖尿病联盟去年公布的数据显示,2015年全球成年糖尿病患者数量已达4.15亿。胰岛素的绝对和相对缺乏以及胰高血糖素信号通路的过度活化是导致糖尿病的两个主要原因。

两类关键细胞

正常人血糖浓度的调控主要是由胰岛素和胰高血糖素这两个激素在多个层次相互制约而实现的。由胰岛β细胞产生的胰岛素促进血糖的吸收,从而降低血糖浓度;而由胰岛α细胞产生的胰高血糖素通过肝脏进行内源血糖的合成,升高血糖。在胰岛中,胰岛素和胰高血糖素会根据血糖的浓度相互制约对方的分泌,从而达到血糖浓度的稳定。

用能够分泌胰岛素的新细胞取代患者体内被破坏的β细胞有望成为治愈1型糖尿病一种简单的策略。多年来,为了实现这一点,全球各国的研究人员利用干细胞或成熟细胞尝试了多种方法。值得注意的是,先前有研究表明,当β细胞极度缺失时,α细胞能够补充胰岛素产生细胞。在这一转换过程中,表观遗传调控分子Arx被鉴定为关键分子。

青蒿素的惊喜发现

12月1日,在线发表于Cell杂志上的一项研究中(论文题目:Artemisinins Target GABAA Receptor Signaling and Impair α Cell Identity),来自奥地利科学院CeMM分子医学研究中心等机构的科学家发现,摘得2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的青蒿素能够实现α细胞向β细胞的转变,为糖尿病治疗带来了新的惊喜。

由我国药学家屠呦呦和她的团队研制出的青蒿素药物至今仍然是世界范围内最主要的抗疟药物,成功挽救了数百万人的生命。

在这一研究中,利用一种特别设计的、全自动化的分析,科学家们检测了大量已批准药物对人工培养的α细胞的作用。结果发现,青蒿素改变了α细胞的表观遗传程序,诱导这些细胞的生化功能发生了重要的改变。

作用机制

该研究的通讯作者Stefan Kubicek说:“调控转录因子Arx参与调节了对α细胞功能至关重要的许多基因。合作者先前的研究表明,敲除Arx会导致α细胞转化为β细胞。”然而,科学家们只是在活体模式生物中观察到了这一效果。是否周围细胞(甚至远处器官)的其它因素也发挥了作用完全是未知的。

为了排除这些因素,Kubicek的研究小组与诺和诺德(糖尿病巨头)Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen的小组合作,设计了特殊的α和β细胞系,从所处环境中分离出它们后进行分析。研究证明,Arx缺失足以赋予α细胞新“身份”,并不依赖于机体的影响。

借助这些细胞系,通过测试化合物库,研究人员发现,青蒿素与Arx缺失产生了相同的作用。接着,科学家们开始探索青蒿素重塑α细胞这一作用背后的分子模型。结果证实,青蒿素结合了一个称为gephyrin的蛋白。Gephyrin能够激活细胞信号的主要开关——GABA受体。随后,无数的生物化学反应发生变化,导致了胰岛素的产生。

同期另一篇Cell

同日,发表在Cell上的另一项研究(论文题目:Long-Term GABA Administration Induces Alpha Cell-Mediated Beta-like Cell Neogenesis)表明,在小鼠模型中,注射GABA也能导致α细胞转化为β细胞,表明两种物质靶向了相同的机制。这一研究的通讯作者Patrick Collombat是上述青蒿素论文的共同作者。

展望

除了细胞系试验,青蒿素也在模式生物中展现了这一效果。青蒿素给药的糖尿病斑马鱼、小鼠以及大鼠β细胞量增加了,且血糖内稳态有所改善。由于青蒿素在鱼类、啮齿动物和人类中的分子靶点非常相似,因此青蒿素对α细胞的作用也可能在人类中发生。

Stefan Kubicek说:“当然,青蒿素的长期作用需要进一步测试。人类α细胞的再生能力还是未知的。此外,新的β细胞必须不受免疫系统的攻击。但我们相信,青蒿素的发现以及它们的作用模型可以为开发1型糖尿病的全新疗法奠定基础。

原始出处

Medicalxpress:Breakthrough in diabetes research: Cells produce insulin upon artemisinin treatment

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869658, encodeId=069a1869658ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959917, encodeId=9040195991e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 10:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462301, encodeId=0bde146230183, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4d36483905, createdName=wumeihua90, createdTime=Mon Dec 05 01:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159965, encodeId=41ba15996571, content=哎呦呦,不得了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161111/IMG5825E270980429526.jpg, createdBy=f49f1974260, createdName=我是林下之夕, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 16:25:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159924, encodeId=b30d15992490, content=祖国医学博大精深, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160906/IMG57CE2FEB173B51358.jpg, createdBy=efbf97815, createdName=chenxh201314, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 12:30:57 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869658, encodeId=069a1869658ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959917, encodeId=9040195991e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 10:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462301, encodeId=0bde146230183, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4d36483905, createdName=wumeihua90, createdTime=Mon Dec 05 01:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159965, encodeId=41ba15996571, content=哎呦呦,不得了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161111/IMG5825E270980429526.jpg, createdBy=f49f1974260, createdName=我是林下之夕, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 16:25:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159924, encodeId=b30d15992490, content=祖国医学博大精深, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160906/IMG57CE2FEB173B51358.jpg, createdBy=efbf97815, createdName=chenxh201314, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 12:30:57 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-03 维他命
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869658, encodeId=069a1869658ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959917, encodeId=9040195991e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 10:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462301, encodeId=0bde146230183, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4d36483905, createdName=wumeihua90, createdTime=Mon Dec 05 01:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159965, encodeId=41ba15996571, content=哎呦呦,不得了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161111/IMG5825E270980429526.jpg, createdBy=f49f1974260, createdName=我是林下之夕, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 16:25:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159924, encodeId=b30d15992490, content=祖国医学博大精深, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160906/IMG57CE2FEB173B51358.jpg, createdBy=efbf97815, createdName=chenxh201314, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 12:30:57 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-05 wumeihua90
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869658, encodeId=069a1869658ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959917, encodeId=9040195991e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 10:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462301, encodeId=0bde146230183, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4d36483905, createdName=wumeihua90, createdTime=Mon Dec 05 01:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159965, encodeId=41ba15996571, content=哎呦呦,不得了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161111/IMG5825E270980429526.jpg, createdBy=f49f1974260, createdName=我是林下之夕, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 16:25:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159924, encodeId=b30d15992490, content=祖国医学博大精深, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160906/IMG57CE2FEB173B51358.jpg, createdBy=efbf97815, createdName=chenxh201314, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 12:30:57 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-03 我是林下之夕

    哎呦呦,不得了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869658, encodeId=069a1869658ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Aug 13 19:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1959917, encodeId=9040195991e9c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Thu Aug 03 10:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462301, encodeId=0bde146230183, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4d36483905, createdName=wumeihua90, createdTime=Mon Dec 05 01:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159965, encodeId=41ba15996571, content=哎呦呦,不得了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161111/IMG5825E270980429526.jpg, createdBy=f49f1974260, createdName=我是林下之夕, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 16:25:24 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159924, encodeId=b30d15992490, content=祖国医学博大精深, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160906/IMG57CE2FEB173B51358.jpg, createdBy=efbf97815, createdName=chenxh201314, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 12:30:57 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-03 chenxh201314

    祖国医学博大精深

    0

相关资讯

唐克轩团队:青蒿素产业化成功

《长三角城市群发展规划》明确提出,实施创新驱动发展战略,支撑引领经济转型升级。作为长三角的龙头,上海市在体制上敢于破冰,在制度上大胆创新,推出一系列促进科技成果转化、加快新兴产业落地的改革举措,培育壮大发展新动能。最近一年,上海高新技术企业数量增加50%;外资研发中心突破400家;上半年发明专利授权量增长35%。是什么让这座城市动能如此充沛?记者深入上海的高校、科研院所、企业,探寻其动力之源。日前

MedSci专访陈凯先院士:中医药送给世界的礼物--从屠呦呦教授获得诺奖说起

11月4日,上海科普大讲坛特邀我国著名药学家、中科院院士、上海市科协主席陈凯先院士,带领公众从青蒿素开始,走进中医药学的神奇世界,陈凯先院士跟我们分享《中医药送给世界的礼物》,并鼓励年轻科研工作者一定要发扬我国原创科技优势,加强中药和天然药物创新研究。 在此次分享会中,梅斯医学(MedSci)有幸采访到陈凯先院士。 MedSci:陈院士,您好,感谢您接受我们的采访,2015年10月,中国药

首种合成生物抗疟药市场遇冷

2014年,法国巴黎制药巨头赛诺菲开始出售通过基因工程合成酵母制成的抗疟疾药物,此举被认为是合成生物学的一次巨大胜利。这种酵母在一个大桶中发酵,用于生产一种可转化成青蒿素的化学物质,使其用于有效的疟疾疗法——基于青蒿素的合成疗法(ACT)。很多人希望这一过程能够提供大量廉价药物,以应对这种每年在全球导致近50万人死亡的疾病。 然而,事实上赛诺菲在2015年根本未生产任何“半合成”青蒿素。该公司现

青蒿素,下一个神药?新发现还可用于红斑狼疮,癌症

青蒿素研究新进展用于红斑狼疮 新晋诺奖得主、中国中医科学院屠呦呦研究员在青蒿素抗疟研究之后,研究该药治疗新适应症——红斑狼疮开展临床试验的审批有了巨大进展,在国家食品药品监督管理总局领导的支持下,按照新药审批的有关办法,扩大适应症申请已获得了北京市申请号,并报送食品药品监管总局药品审评中心。 屠呦呦在青蒿素抗疟研究之后,心中惦念十多年的该药治疗新适应症——红斑狼疮开展临床试验的审批

eLife:转基因烟草可用于生产青蒿素

发表在eLife上的一项研究显示:德国马克斯-普朗克分子植物生理学研究所(Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology )研究人员通过基因改造技术,已成功借助烟草,生产出青蒿素的前体青蒿酸。在热带地区,每年因感染疟疾死亡的人数仍然超过500000例,这一方法将有助于提高青蒿素产量,降低抗疟疾药物成本。目前制药企业大多从黄花蒿中提取青蒿素,但黄

NEJM:恶性疟原虫K13-螺旋桨多态性的世界地图

近期在减少全球疟疾负担的过程中遇到了恶性疟原虫对青蒿素耐药性的难题。而决定这种耐药性的主要因素是部分恶性疟原虫基因编码kelch(K13)-螺旋桨域的突变,这一发现为监测全球这种耐药性提供了机会。 研究共纳入了59个疟疾流行的国家的14037个样本以分析K13-螺旋桨序列多态性。84.5%的样本取自用于接受抗疟药物耐药性全国监测点治疗的患者。通过邻近位点的单体型分析研究人员评估了突变的出现和传播。

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map