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JACC:全面阐述心血管病预防:零级、一级、二级和三级预防,战线应前移

2017-10-30 文韬 巧青 张国刚 中国循环杂志

近期JACC杂志全面阐述了心血管病的预防策略和血糖、血脂、血压的控制目标。

近期JACC杂志全面阐述了心血管病的预防策略和血糖、血脂、血压的控制目标。

1 心血管预防分为零级预防、一级预防、二级和三级预防(见图)

零级预防是指没有危险因素的人预防危险因素,如高血压糖尿病和吸烟等;零级预防最重要,但需要人群干预和社会协作,难度也最大。

一级预防是指,有危险因素者,预防纠正心血管危险因素,预防患病;

二级预防是指已患心血管病者,控制疾病进展;

三级预防指减轻严重心血管病对功能状态和生活质量的后果。



2 儿童时期:该强调生活方式的改善

CARDIA临床试验是针对芬兰青少年人群的冠心病风险研究,该研究证实,从儿童时期就应该强调生活方式的改善,诸如健康的饮食、有规律的锻炼等。

3 一级预防:控制危险因素非常重要

下表总结了对于一级预防中高血压糖尿病和高脂血症治疗推荐。



糖尿病和高血压病患者的冠心病一级预防方案中必须包括改善生活方式。

只要有危险因素,血压≥140 mm Hg者,就应该使用降压药物,其目标血压<130 mm Hg,HbA1c < 6.5%。

对于无心血管疾病的糖尿病患者,尤其是无微血管病变的糖尿病患者,应该强化控制血糖。

即便是心血管危险分层为低危的患者,血脂水平不高者,使用他汀治疗也有获益,只要没有副反应。

进一步完善用于风险预测的计算器,以便识别可从早期使用他汀治疗中获益者。

4 胆固醇:防范心血管疾病总体风险

AHA/ACC 2013年颁发的胆固醇治疗指南明确指出不再设定LDL-C的目标值,取而代之的是致力于心血管疾病的二级预防和一级预防以及对心血管疾病总体风险的防范。



5 在低危人群中,他汀也可降低心血管事件风险

JUPITER试验纳入了LDL-C 低于130 mg/dl、CRP ≥ 2的受试者,且男性受试者年龄≥50岁,女性受试者年龄≥60岁。

HOPE-3研究也发现他汀治疗能降低发生心血管事件的风险,该研究入选的人群是男性≥55岁,女性≥65 岁,合并腰围增粗、低HDL-C、吸烟、血糖升高或家族中有早发冠心病的病史。

在PCSK9抑制剂的临床试验中LDL <25 mg/dl用药也未观察到令人担忧的安全性问题。

6 降压治疗:危险因素多的人应更严格

指南推荐高血压病患者降压药的治疗目标为140/90 mmHg。

对于高血压且合并糖尿病、脑血管病、慢性肾病以及冠心病的患者,其治疗目标应该更为严格,即130/80 mmHg为宜。

此外,60岁以上的老年人降压目标值为140/90 mmHg至150/90 mmHg即可。

关于高血压治疗的最新指南将于2017年11月更新。

7 高血压前期:生活方式干预非常重要

PHARAO和 TROPHY研究纳入了正常血压的受试者,在高血压前期即收缩压>130 mmHg就进行降压治疗,发现能延缓原发性高血压的发病。

在HOPE-3试验中,降脂联合降压随机使用坎地沙坦或氢氯噻嗪或安慰剂,其终点事件并无差异,然而,基线收缩压≥143 mmHg则获益明显。

HOPE-3试验也观察到,干预组出现了低血压症状,这些数据表明,生活方式的干预对于高血压的防治非常重要。

8 降压目标值有争议,强化降压或需评估患者依从性

降压的目标值始终存在争议,主要是担心血压降得过低,反而增加心血管事件(J型曲线)。HOT试验中舒张压降得较低时未增加发生心血管事件的风险。

ACCORD研究中,强化降压组(<120 mmHg)和标准降压组(<140 mmHg)发生心血管事件的风险并无区别。

SPRINT试验证实了强化降压(目标收缩压小于120 mmHg)的获益。与标准降压组相比,强化治疗组的心血管事件风险降低了25%。

强化治疗组和标准降压组的主要终点如心衰和心血管死亡明显减少,心肌梗死卒中并无差异,但强化降压组发生低血压的症状更多一些,可能与参加研究者间断应用降压药物有关。强化降压组需更多的评估患者的依从性。

9 糖尿病:传统药物强化治疗未见明显获益

ADVANCE、VADT和ACCORD等这些为期较长的临床试验中都纳入了糖尿病患者。ADVANCE研究表明强化治疗组微血管病变的发生率低但是心血管事件的发生率两组无区别。

对VADT研究的再评价发现,从强化治疗中获益的仅限于患糖尿病<12年以及冠脉钙化指数<100的患者。与常规治疗组相比,强化治疗组心血管病的发病以及全因死亡没有变化。

ACCORD研究则得出结论,强化治疗组死亡率增加,但在强化治疗组3年的治疗期间,非致死性心肌梗死的发生率低于常规治疗组。

在SAVOR-TIMI为期两年的研究中观察到,应用沙格列汀能降低心血管疾病的风险。

UKPDS研究指出,强化治疗能显着降低与糖尿病相关的并发症,但常规治疗和强化治疗对心血管事件的减少并无差异。

在长达十年的观察中还发现,强化治疗组心肌梗死的发生率明显低于常规治疗组。

10 糖尿病前期:研究有限

糖尿病前期是糖尿病和心血管疾病的危险因素,然而临床研究数据表明接受药物治疗的糖尿病前期患者数量非常有限。

ORIGIN研究表明,甘精胰岛素虽然能延缓糖尿病的发病,但是并不能减少心血管事件的发生。

原始出处:
Hong KN, Fuster V, Rosenson RS, et al. How Low to Go With Glucose, Cholesterol, BP Targets in Primary Prevention of CVD. J Am Coll Cardiol. Oct 2017, 70: 2171-2185.

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    2017-11-04 虈亣靌

    谢谢分享谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-10-31 虈亣靌

    是很好的学习材料.不错.以后会多学习.

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1853825, encodeId=7ad71853825c1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=48351020537' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#JACC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10205, encryptionId=48351020537, topicName=JACC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=55ce62, createdName=hbwxf, createdTime=Fri May 18 14:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1644608, encodeId=d2121644608ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e3eb89e17fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89717, encryptionId=e3eb89e17fb, topicName=血管病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=64bb23195917, createdName=Luyuxie_17, createdTime=Tue Sep 25 06:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1689496, encodeId=478316894962c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ad0619e19b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#三级#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19719, encryptionId=ad0619e19b0, topicName=三级)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0eeb28833546, createdName=luckyshitiancai_42705693, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 13:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=258623, encodeId=c42925862357, content=谢谢分享谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sat Nov 04 13:38:08 CST 2017, time=2017-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1325581, encodeId=9a891325581d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=96c71804b7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1804, encryptionId=96c71804b7, topicName=ACC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1e452500029, createdName=12498568m50暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 01 04:33:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=257480, encodeId=a2fc25e480b3, content=是很好的学习材料.不错.以后会多学习., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Tue Oct 31 10:46:11 CST 2017, time=2017-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=257238, encodeId=211b25e2383d, content=好文章..学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Oct 30 14:55:38 CST 2017, time=2017-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-30 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好文章..学习了.

    0

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