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Cell:肠道细菌“又立功了”!Cell首次发现:人类“第二基因组”可对抗癫痫

2018-05-26 佚名 生物探索

近几年,被誉为人类“第二基因组”的肠道菌群已经成为最火爆的研究领域之一,相关成果屡屡登上Nature、Science等顶级期刊。5月24日,最新发表在Cell杂志上的一项研究中,来自加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)的科学家们获得了一项重要发现——他们首次证实肠道微生物与一种饮食的抗癫痫作用与有关!

在题为“The Gut Microbiota Mediates the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet”的这篇论文中,UCLA的整合生物学和生理学助理教授Elaine Hsiao带领的团队鉴定出了在高脂肪、低碳水化合物的生酮饮食的抗癫痫作用中起着至关重要作用的特定肠道细菌。该研究首次建立了癫痫易感性(susceptibility)与肠道微生物群之间的因果关系。

Hsiao说:“生酮饮食对健康有很多益处,包括使不响应抗癫痫药物的患儿癫痫发作次数减少。不过,这类饮食究竟是如何帮助癫痫患儿的一直没有明确的解释。”

为了弄清这背后的机制,Hsiao实验室的科学家们首先做了一个假设,即肠道细菌能够通过生酮饮食被改变,且对这类饮食的抗癫痫作用非常重要。接着,他们进行了一项全面的调查,以研究微生物群是否影响了生酮饮食对抗癫痫的能力,以及如果是,它们又是如何发挥这种作用的?

生酮饮食可改变肠道菌群

在小鼠研究中,Hsiao等发现,在不到4天的时间里,生酮饮食大大改变了肠道菌群,且小鼠癫痫发作的次数显着减少。

为了检测微生物群是否对防止癫痫发作有重要作用,研究人员分析了生酮饮食对两种小鼠的影响。一种是在无菌的实验室环境中饲养的无菌鼠,另一种是经抗生素处理耗尽了肠道微生物的小鼠。

结果显示,在这两类小鼠中,生酮饮食都不能有效预防癫痫发作了。“这表明,肠道微生物群是生酮饮食有效减少癫痫发作所必需的条件。”论文的第一作者Christine Olson说。



图片来源:Cell

两种关键细菌缺一不可

进一步的分析发现,生酮饮食使2种类型的细菌水平升高了,分别为Akkermansia muciniphila 和Parabacteroides species,它们在生酮饮食的保护作用(抗癫痫)中起着关键作用。

基于这些发现,科学家们又想知道,给无菌小鼠提供这两种有益细菌能否恢复生酮饮食的抗癫痫作用呢?

研究结果表明,如果给无菌小鼠同时提供这两种特殊的细菌,那么,生酮饮食的抗癫痫作用能够得以恢复;但如果只给无菌小鼠提供其中1种细菌,生酮饮食的抗癫痫作用则无法被恢复。“这表明,只有当这些特殊的细菌‘在一起’时才能发挥独特的功能。”Olson说。

作用于海马体中的神经递质

那么,这些有益的肠道细菌又是如何帮助生酮饮食发挥作用的呢?通过测量肠道、血液和海马体(大脑中对癫痫发作起着重要作用的区域)中数百种生物化学物质的水平,研究者们发现,细菌改变了肠道和血液中生物化学物质的水平,从而影响了海马体中的神经递质。

“具体来说,细菌增加了神经递质GABA的大脑水平。(GABA的作用是使神经元沉默下来,它与另一种激活神经元的神经递质谷氨酸的大脑水平有关)”论文的共同作者Helen Vuong解释道。她还表示,这些成果将鼓励他们继续研究肠道微生物是否在人类中有相似的作用。

原始出处:

Christine A. Olson, Helen E. Vuong, Jessica M. Yano, et al. The Gut Microbiota Mediates the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet. Cell, 2018.

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    2019-04-24 hb2008ye
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    2018-05-27 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-05-26 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.长知识

    0

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