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Nat.Med.:肝脏存在调控葡萄糖代谢的备用信号通道

2012-07-05 科学网 科学网

饭后胰岛素会中断肝脏中的葡萄糖生成,然而当机体产生胰岛素耐受,即当胰岛素不再能有效降低血糖时,机体就会出现问题。2月19日的Nature Medicine杂志发表了宾夕法尼亚大学、东京大学和哈佛医学院研究人员的研究成果。 该研究小组曾证实肝脏中缺失Akt1和Akt2基因的小鼠不仅会生成胰岛素耐受,并会丧失对高糖饮食的反应。这些小鼠在饮食后血糖仍旧会维持在高水平。在机体缺失Akt之时,另一个基因F

饭后胰岛素会中断肝脏中的葡萄糖生成,然而当机体产生胰岛素耐受,即当胰岛素不再能有效降低血糖时,机体就会出现问题。2月19日的Nature Medicine杂志发表了宾夕法尼亚大学、东京大学和哈佛医学院研究人员的研究成果。

该研究小组曾证实肝脏中缺失Akt1和Akt2基因的小鼠不仅会生成胰岛素耐受,并会丧失对高糖饮食的反应。这些小鼠在饮食后血糖仍旧会维持在高水平。在机体缺失Akt之时,另一个基因Foxo会持续发挥作用,使肝脏“认为”机体处于禁食状态。作为响应,肝脏会继续生成葡萄糖从而为细胞持续供给富能分子。

然而现在,文章的资深作者、IDOM副主任Morris Birnbaum教授却表示:“在进一步的实验中,我们原本期望Akt 和Foxo基因敲除小鼠在供给食物后,会由于Akt 和Foxo缺失而在代谢上保持进食状态。然而,我们惊讶地发现在饮食后这些小鼠的肝脏做出了正常的响应。于是我们不仅质疑在Akt 和 Foxo蛋白缺失的情况下是否还有其他的机制调控了肝脏和葡萄糖生成?”

这些结果无疑与10年前Birnbaum实验室提出的肝脏代谢经典模型前后矛盾。当时Birnbaum团队证实Akt蛋白是正常胰岛素信号通路的绝对必需因素。如今,研究小组猜测在肝脏中一定存在一条备用信号通路对葡萄糖代谢起调控作用。

10年前,Birnbaum研究小组在发表于Science杂志的一项研究中描述Akt2蛋白失活会引发小鼠糖尿病。研究人员指出胰岛素在这些小鼠的脂肪细胞和肝脏中无法发挥作用。

这表明Akt是胰岛素正常发挥功能的必要条件。从那时起,通过Akt蛋白关闭Foxo1被广泛认为是胰岛素调控血糖的信号通路。尤其是,当Foxo1基因开启时,其会推动葡萄糖生成。在摄食后,机体会通过Akt抑制Foxo1活性,由此停止葡萄糖生成,确保将血糖维持在一个安全的范围内。

Birnbaum 说:“我们最初开展当前实验的目的是看看如何将这条信号通路运用到代谢调控的其他领域,这是我们在文献的基础上,原本期待看到的结果。”

为什么动物需要看似多余的信号通路?研究人员认为情况应该是在餐前及餐后,胰岛素还对其他组织的受体发挥了作用,并与肝脏进行了沟通。这一候选的器官就是大脑。其他实验室的研究结果表明大脑中存在胰岛素受体,表明或许存在这样的一条信号,然而许多科学家却一直不愿意接受这一与数据互相冲突的观点。

Birnbaum实验室的新研究结果解释了为什么科学家们难于发现备份信号通路:因为当肝脏中的胰岛素信号遭到破坏时,器官会丧失对外界信号的反应能力。

研究小组推测机体正常情况下大部分时间Foxo均处于关闭状态,但是当处于糖尿病状态时,Foxo被不恰当地激活。非正常状态下,Foxo基因开放,机体会阻止肝脏对大脑发出的葡萄糖合成启动或终止信号做出响应。现在该研究小组正在致力于验证这一假说。 

doi:10.1038/nm.2686
PMC:

PMID:

Insulin regulates liver metabolism in vivo in the absence of hepatic Akt and Foxo1

Mingjian Lu,1 Min Wan,1 Karla F Leavens,1 Qingwei Chu,1 Bobby R Monks,1 Sully Fernandez,1 Rexford S Ahima,1 Kohjiro Ueki,2 C Ronald Kahn3 & Morris J Birnbaum1

Considerable data support the idea that forkhead box O1 (Foxo1) drives the liver transcriptional program during fasting and is then inhibited by thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 (Akt) after feeding. Here we show that mice with hepatic deletion of Akt1 and Akt2 were glucose intolerant, insulin resistant and defective in their transcriptional response to feeding in the liver. These defects were normalized with concomitant liver-specific deletion of Foxo1. Notably, in the absence of both Akt and Foxo1, mice adapted appropriately to both the fasted and fed state, and insulin suppressed hepatic glucose production normally. A gene expression analysis revealed that deletion of Akt in liver led to the constitutive activation of Foxo1-dependent gene expression, but again, concomitant ablation of Foxo1 restored postprandial regulation, preventing the inhibition of the metabolic response to nutrient intake caused by deletion of Akt. These results are inconsistent with the canonical model of hepatic metabolism in which Akt is an obligate intermediate for proper insulin signaling. Rather, they show that a major role of hepatic Akt is to restrain the activity of Foxo1 and that in the absence of Foxo1, Akt is largely dispensable for insulin- and nutrient-mediated hepatic metabolic regulation in vivo.

 

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    2013-03-25 liye789132251
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    2012-07-07 zz70
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