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纪念伟大的免疫学家:Donald Metcalf

2015-01-30 佚名 生物谷

澳大利亚免疫学家 Donald Metcalf 于2014年12月15日去世,对于与他工作过的人来说都是十分沉痛的消息。 Metcalf1929年出生于澳大利亚新威尔士的米塔贡。在悉尼大学学习医学期间,Metcalf花了一年时间研究一种可以引起鼠痘的小鼠痘病毒。从此他产生了对于医学研究的兴趣。   Metcalf于1953年完成学业并来到墨尔本的Walter and Eliza

澳大利亚免疫学家 Donald Metcalf 于2014年12月15日去世,对于与他工作过的人来说都是十分沉痛的消息。

Metcalf1929年出生于澳大利亚新威尔士的米塔贡。在悉尼大学学习医学期间,Metcalf花了一年时间研究一种可以引起鼠痘的小鼠痘病毒。从此他产生了对于医学研究的兴趣。
 
Metcalf于1953年完成学业并来到墨尔本的Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research(WEHI)继续研究事业。除了几次短暂的欧洲以及美国的旅行,他60年的学术生涯都在研究所里度过。研究经费也全部由Carden Fellowship of the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria提供。
 
Metcalf刚到WEHI时日子过得并不舒服。当时的主任Frank Macfarlane Burnet,一位凭借语言获得性免疫耐受而获得诺贝尔奖的大科学奖,对癌症研究并不感兴趣。根据Metcalf的描述,Burnet同许多当时的科学家一样,认为癌症是一种不可避免的疾病,而且癌症研究人员是"愚蠢可笑"的。然而metcalf并没有被吓住。
 
Metcalf花了十年的时间研究免疫器官-胸腺-内部的细胞代谢,直到一个偶然的发现改变了他从此的研究兴趣:他同墨尔本大学的Ray Bradley共同发现了在琼脂中加入适当的刺激后可以成功培养血细胞。
 
天才的Metcalf认识到他或许可以利用这个体外的培养系统研究不同细胞类型的相互关系,以及鉴定能够调节细胞增值与分化的激素。他把这些激素称为hormones colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)。在之后的50多年时间里,Metcalf利用自己制作的这个血细胞系统模型解释了细胞在体内生长的调节模式。
 
不久,Metcalf认识到纯化这些CSF,并克隆能够表达这些CSF的基因需要一些合作者。因此他招募了一批具备生化与生物物理技术的年轻研究员跟随他进行研究,之后又加入了一些分子生物学家。
 
从1965年到1985年,Metcalf与他的团队分离出了四种CSF:granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), granulocyte CSF (G-CSF), macrophage CSF (M-CSF) and multi-CSF(即IL-3)。其中编码GM-CSF的基因也被其研究团队克隆得到,另外三种被其他实验室克隆成功。
 
这项工作使得大量生产此类激素成为现实,同时Metcalf长期向往的将CSF注射动物的实验也成为可能。他唯一担心的问题是:这些体外纯化得到的CSF是否能够代表体内真实的生理过程。事实上他多虑了:这些体外生产的激素完全可以在骨髓及外周血中诱导产生大量的白细胞。
 
紧跟而来的就是临床的应用了。当时CSF最大的用途是治疗癌症患者经过化疗之后白血球减少的症状。在上个世纪八十年代进行的针对G-CSF的临床I期试验中。Metcalf及其合作者注意到注射此类激素会引导大量骨髓干细胞-也就是后来会分化成各种血细胞的前体-从骨髓向外周血迁移。
 
这项发现使得临床医生只需通过简单的注射G-CSF就可以在外周血得到骨髓干细胞,从而避免了此前去患者骨髓带来的痛苦。这项简单实用的方法使得后续20年的时间中有2000万患者从中受益。
 
Metcalf获得的各项荣誉都比不上他成为了一个能够引导科学家的科学家。他从不信任脱离实验的研究人员,始终在实验室与一两个研究助理,若干博士生与博士后一起工作。他对于工作有一种不可思议的热爱。不论工作还是生活均离不开学术研究。对于每一个结果,他都更倾向于做一大段的讨论与描述,而不是简单地一个字。
 
唯一能超过对科学的热爱的是他的家庭。他于他的妻子Jo结婚60多年,育有4个女儿与6个外孙。去年八月,当他被检查出患有胰腺癌时,在有限的时光里工作与陪伴家人变成了令之煎熬的两难问题。最终他选择他将显微镜搬到了他家的餐厅中,这样就能在工作的同时有家人的陪伴-这也正是他所想要的。

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    2015-12-09 一闲
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    2015-10-05 xiongliangxl
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    2015-04-28 paperyu
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    2015-02-01 zhangjingnwpu
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1895773, encodeId=7cce1895e739b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Wed Dec 09 02:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1941182, encodeId=b0871941182ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3a862292cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ALF#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2292, encryptionId=3a862292cd, topicName=ALF)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84fb152, createdName=xiongliangxl, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 12:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1889394, encodeId=580718893948e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9fa290030a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29003, encryptionId=f9fa290030a, topicName=免疫学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6eba113, createdName=xiaoyeshuang, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 03:39:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1685350, encodeId=ea21168535029, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66011e19807' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17198, encryptionId=66011e19807, topicName=TCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=766728143581, createdName=paperyu, createdTime=Tue Apr 28 19:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1469392, encodeId=a6ae1469392be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d6522e613' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ALD#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2276, encryptionId=9d6522e613, topicName=ALD)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64f67025397, createdName=zhangjingnwpu, createdTime=Sun Feb 01 02:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14926, encodeId=24f61492635, content=令人敬仰,榜样!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=124, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=106.39.223.5, createdTime=Sat Jan 31 23:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-01-31 106.39.223.5

    令人敬仰,榜样!

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