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置入支架≠万事大吉,还要用好这些药···

2018-01-12 佚名 心希望快讯

对冠心病而言,支架的置入为患者开通了冠脉血管,如同重新恢复了道路的畅通,但这并不意味着万事大吉,因为道路是否能保持长期畅通,正确的养护非常重要;药物治疗是心脏康复的重要方法,在心肌梗死置入支架后的康复过程中占据着不可替代的地位。本文详细讲解了支架后的用药问题。

对冠心病而言,支架的置入为患者开通了冠脉血管,如同重新恢复了道路的畅通,但这并不意味着万事大吉,因为道路是否能保持长期畅通,正确的养护非常重要;药物治疗是心脏康复的重要方法,在心肌梗死置入支架后的康复过程中占据着不可替代的地位。本文详细讲解了支架后的用药问题。

置入支架≠万事大吉,还应用好这些药!

冠心病心脏康复药物治疗的原则

1.遵循指南建议给予规范化药物处方

国内外指南一致建议将冠心病治疗药物分为改善预后和改善心绞痛两类。

改善预后的药物包括阿司匹林(如不能耐受选择氯吡格雷)、他汀类药物、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(如不能耐受,可选择血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂替代)、β受体阻滞剂;

改善心绞痛的药物包括β受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂、硝酸酯类、伊伐布雷定和心肌代谢药物曲美他嗪。

2.个体化用药

个体化用药应考虑患者需要使用的药物类别、剂量大小、应达到的靶目标和是否能够达到靶目标。应结合患者的病情、合并症和生命体征等选择药物;根据治疗靶目标结合年龄、性别、体重和既往用药史等调整药物剂量。

3.关注药物安全性和药物相互作用

冠心病患者常合并多种疾病及其他合并症,应全面了解患者服用的各种药物,避免重复用药,同时也应注意药物间的相互作用。例如他汀联合应用奥美拉唑、利福平、地塞米松、卡马西平等药物,可减弱他汀类药物的作用;联合应用抗生素(红霉素、克拉霉素)、抗病毒药物、抗真菌药物、钙通道阻滞剂(硝苯地平、维拉帕米、尼莫地平)、抗心律失常药物(胺碘酮、普罗帕酮)、抗抑郁药(三环类、5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂、文拉法辛)、免疫抑制剂、抗肿瘤药物等可能增加他汀类药物的作用和不良反应,需注意调整剂量。

冠心病心脏康复的基础用药

1.抗血小板药物

作用是抑制血小板活化、聚集,抑制血栓形成,降低心血管不良事件发生。目前临床上最常用的药物是阿司匹林和氯吡格雷。若无禁忌证,所有冠心病患者均应长期服用阿司匹林75~100mg/d,若不能耐受,可用氯吡格雷75mg/d代替。

接受经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗的患者,需联合使用阿司匹林100mg/d和氯吡格雷75mg/d治疗12个月。PCI术后也可口服普拉格雷10mg/d或替格瑞洛90mg/d、2次/d,代替氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林,疗程12个月。

抗血小板药物长期使用应关注出血问题,特别是阿司匹林易导致胃肠道并发症的出现。对于胃肠道出血的高危患者,可同时给予质子泵抑制剂和胃黏膜保护剂治疗。

此外,还应考虑到“氯吡格雷抵抗”的现象。应注意早期识别,一旦发生可通过增加氯吡格雷的负荷剂量和维持剂量、联合应用Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂、换用新型ADP受体拮抗剂、避免药物间相互作用等方法应对。

2.β受体阻滞剂

可降低心肌收缩力、降低血压和心率,从而降低心肌耗氧量和心绞痛的发生;是唯一兼有改善症状和改善预后作用的药物。因此,指南推荐冠心病患者康复过程中,如无禁忌证均应尽量使用β受体阻滞剂(如美托洛尔、比索洛尔和卡维地洛)。

但是β受体阻滞剂还具有负性肌力作用,使用β受体阻滞剂要个体化调整剂量,将患者清醒时静息心率控制在55~60次/min之间。如未达到靶目标或不能耐受β受体阻滞剂,伊伐布雷定适用于窦性心律>70次/min的慢性稳定性心绞痛患者,单独或与β受体阻滞剂联合应用。

患者如为高龄(>75岁)、身材矮小、低体重、血压或心率偏低,应从小剂量开始,如年轻、肥胖、血压或心率偏快,可从常规剂量开始,还应结合既往用药时患者对药物的反应。

3.ACEI和ARB

ACEI(血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂)类药物被称为心衰康复治疗的基石,是第一类经证明能降低心衰患者病死率的药物。慢性稳定性冠心病患者Ⅰ类适应证为伴有左室收缩功能异常或有使用ACEI的其他适应证,如高血压心肌梗死病史、糖尿病或慢性肾病的患者(A级证据)。ACEI的禁忌证包括:血管神经性水肿、妊娠等;若出现低血压、血肌酐明显升高(>265.2μmol/L)、双侧肾动脉狭窄等应慎用。

当服用ACEI类药物出现不可耐受的咳嗽等不良反应时,可使用ARB(血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂)药物替代。

4.他汀类药物

若无他汀使用禁忌证,即使入院时患者总胆固醇(TC)和(或)低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)无明显升高,也可启动并坚持长期使用他汀类药物。如使用他汀类药物后LDL-C没有达到目标值,或不能耐受他汀类药物,可联合使用依折麦布5~10mg/d。动脉粥样硬化性心血管病、糖尿病合并高血压或其他1项心血管危险因素时,LDL-C应控制在1.8mmol/L(70mg/dl)以下。

应用他汀类药物过程中,需关注肝损害和肌损害。当谷丙转氨酶(ALT)>3倍正常上限时需要停药。肌损害包括肌无力、肌痛、横纹肌溶解等一系列反应,但发生率较低。

5.钙通道阻滞剂

可分为二氢吡啶类与非二氢吡啶类。此类药物通过降低心脏负荷、降低心肌耗氧量缓解心绞痛症状,提高运动耐量。

6.硝酸酯类药物

通过扩张冠状动脉和扩张静脉系统降低心脏前负荷,改善心肌供血和降低心肌耗氧,发挥抗心绞痛作用,提高运动耐量。但长期口服长效硝酸酯类药物可能加重内皮功能损害,因此是否长期口服要根据患者的临床状况。

7.曲美他嗪

曲美他嗪通过抑制“耗氧”的脂肪酸代谢途径,促进葡萄糖有氧代谢途径,改善心肌细胞代谢和抗缺血。

8.中医药治疗

高晓东等对51例急性心肌梗死合并糖尿病的PCI术后患者随访1年,发现麝香保心丸治疗组较常规治疗组心功能不全与心绞痛发生率较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),心功能获得明显改善。提示,联合麝香保心丸治疗可降低急性心肌梗死合并糖尿病PCI术后的心血管剩余风险。司新成等人进行的研究证实,麝香保心丸具有抗凝、抗栓、改善内皮功能、降低血脂、抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖、抑制支架内再狭窄的作用,可改善PCI术后患者的预后。

原始出处:

[1]中华医学会心血病学分会介入心脏病学组,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南2012[J].中华心血管病杂志,2012,40:27l-277.

[2]中国康复医学会心脏康复专业委员会.稳定性冠心病心脏康复药物处方管理专家共识[J].中华心血管病杂志,2016,44(1):7-11.

[3]赵树梅.心脏康复五大处方之药物处方[J].中华内科杂志,2014,53(12):982-983.

[4]抗血小板药物消化道损伤的预防和治疗中国专家共识组,抗血小板药物消化道损伤的预防和治疗中国专家共识(2012更新版)[J].中华内科杂志,2013,52:264-270.

[5]高晓东,彭雪梅,张武宁,等.麝香保心丸对PCI术后心血管剩余风险的影响[J].中国循证心血管医学杂志,2012,4(5):420-421.

[6]司新成,贾永平.麝香保心丸对冠脉造影介入术后的患者预后的影响[J].中医临床研究,2013,5(1):5-6.

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    2018-01-17 jyzxjiangqin

    置入支贺的适应症.

    0

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    2018-01-13 情途末路

    学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享

    0

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    2018-01-13 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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    2018-01-13 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

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    2018-01-13 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^^_^^_^

    0

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    2018-01-13 邓启付

    置入支架后除了用药治疗.平常还是要做好自我保健

    0

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