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请惠存!怀孕期间应避免食用的11种食物

2015-12-02 Mechront 译 MedSci原创

1.汞含量高的鱼汞是一种剧毒元素,目前并没有安全范围的剂量,常见于被污染的水。摄入过多的汞会损害胎儿的神经系统、免疫系统、肾等。受污染的海域里的生存的大型鱼类体内可积累大量的汞,因此孕妇对以下鱼类的摄入最好不要超过1-2份/月:鲨鱼箭鱼大西洋马鲛金枪鱼(尤其是长鳍金枪鱼)当然不过并不是所有鱼类都含有汞,在怀孕期间摄入低汞鱼类是非常健康的,这些鱼可以每周吃2次。鱼类富含丰富的ω-3脂肪酸,对胎儿

怀孕期间该吃什么,不该吃什么,无疑是准妈妈们和妇产科医生的一大难题。来自权威营养学网站的建议,一定对您十分有用。

1.汞含量高的鱼

汞是一种剧毒元素,目前并没有安全范围的剂量,常见于被污染的水。摄入过多的汞会损害胎儿的神经系统、免疫系统、肾等。受污染的海域里的生存的大型鱼类体内可积累大量的汞,因此孕妇对以下鱼类的摄入最好不要超过1-2份/月:

鲨鱼
箭鱼
大西洋马鲛
金枪鱼(尤其是长鳍金枪鱼)

当然不过并不是所有鱼类都含有汞,在怀孕期间摄入低汞鱼类是非常健康的,这些鱼可以每周吃2次。鱼类富含丰富的ω-3脂肪酸,对胎儿很重要!

2.未煮熟的或生鱼


生鱼尤其是贝类,会导致一些感染,包括诺瓦克病毒、弧菌、沙门氏菌、李斯特菌和寄生虫。一些感染只影响到母亲,还有一些感染会传递给胎儿,严重者将威胁生命。

孕妇尤其容易受到李斯特菌感染。事实上孕妇比一般人群感染李斯特菌的风险高出20倍!这种细菌可以在受污染土壤和水或植物中发现,生鱼可以在处理过程中被感染。李斯特菌可以通过胎盘传递给未出生的宝宝,即使母亲没有表现,该传播导致早产、流产、死产和其他严重的健康问题。

因此建议孕妇避免生鱼和贝类,包括许多寿司。

3.未煮熟的肉类

吃未煮熟的或生的肉类会增加感染风险,包括弓形虫、大肠杆菌、李斯特菌和沙门氏菌。

细菌可危及胎儿健康,导致死胎或严重的神经系统疾病,包括智力障碍、失明和癫痫。虽然大多数细菌在肉的表面,但也有细菌可能存在于肌肉纤维中。

热狗、午餐肉和熟食肉也是令人担忧的,这在处理或存储过程中可能会感染各种细菌。

4.生鸡蛋

生鸡蛋可以受到沙门氏菌污染,沙门氏菌感染的症状包括发烧、恶心、呕吐、胃痉挛和腹泻。然而在极少数情况下,感染可能导致子宫痉挛,导致早产或死胎。通常含有生鸡蛋的食物如下:

稍微炒了一下的鸡蛋
荷包蛋
荷兰酱
自制的蛋黄酱
沙拉酱
自制冰激凌
蛋糕糖衣

虽然商业使用的生鸡蛋是经巴氏杀菌后的鸡蛋,食用是安全的,但是在使用前还是应该阅读成份或标签以确保。

孕妇应该彻底煮鸡蛋,或使用巴氏杀菌后的鸡蛋。

5.动物脏器

动物脏器是营养素的重要来源,包括铁、维生素B12、维生素A和铜,所有这些都有利于孕妇和她的孩子。

但是怀孕期间不建议吃太多动物性维生素A。可能会导致维生素A中毒,以及铜异常高水平,可能导致出生缺陷和肝脏毒性。

因此孕妇吃动物内脏每周不应该超过1次。

6. 咖啡因

咖啡因是世界上最常被使用的精神药物,主要存在于咖啡、茶、软饮料和可可。建议孕妇咖啡因摄入量小于200毫克/天,差不多就是2-3杯咖啡的样子。

咖啡因吸收很快,能够轻易经过胎盘进入胎儿体内。因为胎儿和胎盘没有所需的缺乏代谢咖啡因的主要酶类,会导致胎儿体内咖啡因的高度聚集。

怀孕期间摄入过多的咖啡因会导致限制胎儿生长和低出生体重儿风险增加。而低出生体重儿又会导致死亡和慢性病如2型糖尿病、心脏病风险增加。

7.生豆芽

生豆芽包括紫花苜蓿、三叶草、萝卜和绿豆芽苗菜,可能含有沙门氏菌。与大多数蔬菜不同,这些细菌可以进入发芽的种子,他们几乎不可能被洗掉。

因此建议孕妇避免食用生豆芽。当然煮熟后的豆芽是安全的。

8.未洗的水果

未洗过的或未剥皮的水果蔬菜,其表面可能含有一些细菌。包括弓形虫、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、李斯特菌。在生产、收获、加工、储存、运输或零售各个环节,污染随时可以发生。

细菌可以伤害母亲和她未出生的婴儿。可能停留在水果和蔬菜上一个非常危险的细菌叫做弓形虫。大多数人得弓形体病没有症状,而其他人可能觉得自己得了流感,持续一个月或更多。对于婴儿感染了弓形虫,大多数婴儿出生时没有任何症状,然而在以后的生活中可能出现失明或智障等。还有一小部分婴儿出生时就有严重眼睛和脑损伤。

因此当你怀孕了,彻底冲洗、剥皮或烹饪水果和蔬菜是非常重要的减少感染风险的途径。

9.未经高温消毒的牛奶、奶酪和果汁

未经高温消毒的牛奶和奶酪可以包含一系列的有害细菌,包括李斯特菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、弯曲杆菌。未经高温消毒的果汁,也容易发生细菌感染。这些感染会给未出生的婴儿带来致命的后果。

细菌可以自然发生,也可以在收集或存储过程中被污染。巴氏灭菌法是杀死有害细菌且不改变产品的营养价值的最有效的方式。

建议孕妇仅仅食用巴氏灭菌牛奶、奶酪和果汁,以减少感染风险。

10.酒精

建议孕妇完全避免喝酒,因为它会增加流产和死产的风险。即使少量也可以对宝宝的大脑发育造成负面影响。

酒精可以导致胎儿酒精综合症,这种综合症包括面部畸形、心脏缺陷和精神发育迟滞。孕期不摄入酒精是安全的,因此建议孕妇完全避免喝酒。

11.垃圾食品

怀孕期间胎儿快速生长,你的身体需要增加大量的许多必需的营养,包括蛋白质、叶酸和铁。怀孕后你是一个人吃两个人的饭,但是并不意味着你需要2倍的热量。实际上孕中期和晚期每天额外摄入350–500卡路里就足够了。

怀孕的最佳饮食应该主要由天然食品组成,富含大量的营养物质,可满足母亲和儿童生长的需要。而垃圾食品通常是添加了糖和脂肪的低营养、高热量食物。更重要的是,添加糖会导致2型糖尿病和心脏病风险增加。

虽然怀孕期间增加一些体重是必要的,但是多余的体重增加会导致并发症和疾病的风险增加,包括妊娠期糖尿病和妊娠或分娩并发症,当然它也可以增加超重儿童的风险。超重儿童更有可能成为超重的成年人,这就会导致长期的健康问题。
正确的处理食物,以保证卫生和安全,尤其是怀孕期间是很重要的。然而这并不容易做到,因为当你购买的时候它们可能已经受到污染了。

出于这个原因,准妈妈最好避免在这个名单上的食物,准妈妈和她未出生孩子的健康才是最重要的。

那么怀孕期间应该吃什么?敬请期待下篇“怀孕期间宜食用的13种食物”。

原始出处:

11 Foods and Beverages to Avoid During Pregnancy .authoritynutrition.2015 

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49169, encodeId=f347491694f, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=169, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 09:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44703, encodeId=af0a44e03a4, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 06:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416696, encodeId=6af71416696d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 03:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44503, encodeId=9de4445032e, content=收藏~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 09:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44486, encodeId=a5a144486ce, content=赞一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7ee51614674, createdName=240612799, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44478, encodeId=bce6444e8e5, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44469, encodeId=d9d54446977, content=为了下一代,和全民素质,一定要注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151119/IMG564D22F85A3BB6344.jpg, createdBy=750e1664472, createdName=De_dzw, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-27 hixiaoluo

    好文章,值得收藏

    0

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    2015-12-04 老段

    收藏

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49169, encodeId=f347491694f, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=169, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 09:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44703, encodeId=af0a44e03a4, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 06:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416696, encodeId=6af71416696d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 03:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44503, encodeId=9de4445032e, content=收藏~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 09:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44486, encodeId=a5a144486ce, content=赞一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7ee51614674, createdName=240612799, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44478, encodeId=bce6444e8e5, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44469, encodeId=d9d54446977, content=为了下一代,和全民素质,一定要注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151119/IMG564D22F85A3BB6344.jpg, createdBy=750e1664472, createdName=De_dzw, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-04 yhy100201
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49169, encodeId=f347491694f, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=169, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 09:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44703, encodeId=af0a44e03a4, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 06:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416696, encodeId=6af71416696d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 03:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44503, encodeId=9de4445032e, content=收藏~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 09:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44486, encodeId=a5a144486ce, content=赞一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7ee51614674, createdName=240612799, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44478, encodeId=bce6444e8e5, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44469, encodeId=d9d54446977, content=为了下一代,和全民素质,一定要注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151119/IMG564D22F85A3BB6344.jpg, createdBy=750e1664472, createdName=De_dzw, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-03 cmn

    收藏~

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49169, encodeId=f347491694f, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=169, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 09:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44703, encodeId=af0a44e03a4, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 06:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416696, encodeId=6af71416696d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 03:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44503, encodeId=9de4445032e, content=收藏~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 09:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44486, encodeId=a5a144486ce, content=赞一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7ee51614674, createdName=240612799, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:59:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44478, encodeId=bce6444e8e5, content=认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44469, encodeId=d9d54446977, content=为了下一代,和全民素质,一定要注意, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151119/IMG564D22F85A3BB6344.jpg, createdBy=750e1664472, createdName=De_dzw, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-03 240612799

    赞一下

    0

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    2015-12-02 午夜星河

    认真学习

    0

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    2015-12-02 De_dzw

    为了下一代,和全民素质,一定要注意

    0

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