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中医“气滞血瘀”理论破解肿瘤“瓦勃效应”

2015-04-12 曾庆平 MedSci原创

本文转载于曾庆平博客,不代表MedSci认可文章的观点。中医理论博大精深,有些通俗易懂,如“气滞血瘀”致病,“活血化瘀”治病。但是,有些不易理解,要靠“悟”,比如,“肾为先天之本”、“脾为后天之本”,因为古人所讲“肾”和“脾”并非西医解剖学上所指。 肿瘤有个常见的特征——瓦勃效应(Warburg effect),早在1956年就已由德国人Otto Heinrich Warburg提出。它是指

本文转载于曾庆平博客,不代表MedSci认可文章的观点。

中医理论博大精深,有些通俗易懂,如“气滞血瘀”致病,“活血化瘀”治病。但是,有些不易理解,要靠“悟”,比如,“肾为先天之本”、“脾为后天之本”,因为古人所讲“肾”和“脾”并非西医解剖学上所指。

肿瘤有个常见的特征——瓦勃效应(Warburg effect),早在1956年就已由德国人Otto Heinrich Warburg提出。它是指肿瘤细胞即使在有氧条件下也不通过有氧呼吸(耗氧)高效产能,而是通过无氧呼吸(不耗氧)低效产能。

简单地说,有氧呼吸除在细胞质中初步完成糖酵解部分反应外,还依赖线粒体完成三羧酸循环与氧化磷酸化反应,结果能让每分子葡萄糖彻底氧化产生38分子ATP。无氧呼吸仅在细胞质中通过糖酵解生成乳酸,每分子葡萄糖只能净形成3分子ATP。

在人体正常组织细胞中,葡萄糖主要通过有氧呼吸代谢,只有在相对缺氧条件下(如运动时),骨骼肌细胞才会通过无氧呼吸分解葡萄糖。有人把运动后肌肉酸痛的原因解释为乳酸的形成和积累,似乎有一定道理。

时至今日,现代科学或西医都无法圆满解释“瓦勃效应”这个充满矛盾的生命现象:肿瘤是生长异常迅速的组织,需要大量能量供应,但它为何在有氧条件下宁可选择低效供能的无氧呼吸,也不选择高效供能的有氧呼吸呢?

你也许想象不到,我们的古人早就为我们准备好了现成的答案,那就是中医“气滞血瘀”理论。这个理论认为:“气为血之帅,血为气之母”;“气行则血行,气滞则血瘀”,并有“久病必有淤”的说法。不仅如此,我们的古人还告诉我们:“正气不足而后邪气踞之”。

下面我就试着用古代的“气滞血瘀”理论来解释一下现代仍未破解的“瓦勃效应”吧!对此,我是佩服的不行,不知你服不服?

一、气行中的“气”既指氧,也可以理解为低水平的生理性一氧化氮,都是正气;气滞中的“气”则是指高水平的病理性一氧化氮,是邪气。之所以说病理性一氧化氮是邪气,是因为它是在慢性炎症条件下产生的,而氧和生理性一氧化氮是人体正常之气。

二、线粒体呼吸链末端的细胞色素c氧化酶必须与氧结合才能完成电子传递和能量再生。同时,生理性一氧化氮是线粒体再生所必需的,而病理性一氧化氮将使线粒体无法形成。

三、如果设想肿瘤细胞因炎症产生大量一氧化氮,一氧化氮促进缺氧环境形成,缺氧导致线粒体缺乏,那么就能圆满地解释为什么肿瘤细胞在有氧条件下也不能利用氧。

不仅如此,针对肿瘤的“气滞血瘀”特点,用“活血化瘀”中药竟然能缓解肿瘤细胞的缺氧现象。这从另一个侧面证明肿瘤病理与中药药理的巧妙吻合,也说明用“气滞血瘀”理论解释肿瘤起源的合理性,以及用“活血化瘀”治则消除肿瘤的正确性。

例如,我们用血府逐瘀片给组织增殖模型小鼠灌胃,伴随一氧化氮水平降低和血氧饱和度提高(下图),缺氧诱导因子-1α、血管内皮生长因子、诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达均下调(下表),表明血府逐瘀片能通过抑制一氧化氮合成改善组织缺氧、抑制血管新生、阻断组织异常增殖。


血府逐瘀片治疗LPS、CFA模型小鼠的HIF-1α、VEGF、iNOS表达

分    组

免疫组化染色强度(n=3)

HIF-1α

VEGF

iNOS

LPS模型组

26.00±5.00

40.00±6.08

43.33±7.77

LPS治疗组

18.67±3.51

22.67±8.02

22.67±16.17

CFA模型组

45.67±3.22#

43.67±1.53#

41.33±7.02#

CFA治疗组

29.00±8.76*

31.25±9.45*

35.00±4.97

对照组

21.67±8.51

20.67±9.45

21.33±14.98

最后用一张图重现“气滞血瘀”与“活血化瘀”的原理:首先,病原体感染、污染(吸烟)、辐射等造成的炎症激活iNOS,iNOS大量合成NO(病理性),NO迸发引起缺氧,缺氧导致HIF-1α转录因子活化,并结合于VEGF启动子上促进转录,最终出现血管新生、组织增殖和淋巴浸润,这些都是肿瘤的典型特征。

其次,由于iNOS的高度活化,很大程度抑制了eNOS的活性,于是NO(生理性)无法合成,AMPK与SIRT1不能上调,PGC-1α便不能活化,线粒体也就不能再生,结果使肿瘤细胞成为线粒体缺乏的细胞。

相反,“活血化瘀”中药能加速血液循环促进供氧,改善缺氧环境,活化eNOS而合成生理性NO,进一步激活AMPK、SIRT1和PGC-1α,诱导线粒体再生,肿瘤细胞从无氧呼吸逐渐转为有氧呼吸,恶性增生现象得到有效遏制。

由 此可见,肿瘤细胞不是“不愿意”利用线粒体和有氧代谢葡萄糖产生更多能量,而是因为它们缺乏或者根本没有线粒体,不能进行有氧呼吸,“被迫”利用糖酵解产 生的少得可怜的一点点能量“苟延残喘”!它们的生存策略是争夺大量“资源”(葡萄糖)为其所用,代谢活性其实是异乎寻常的高。

总 之,肿瘤的治疗并不是“一割了事”或“一杀了之”,而应该让它从无氧呼吸转变成有氧呼吸,缓解“瓦勃效应”,一是用“活血化瘀”中药加速血液循环增加供 氧,二是用轻微解偶联剂(如青蒿素、2,4-二硝基苯酚等)促进线粒体形成,三是用外源一氧化氮制剂(如精氨酸、硝酸甘油、硝普钠等)抑制iNOS并激活 eNOS。


附:Wikipedia关于Warburg effect的解释

Possible explanations of the effect[edit]

The Warburg effect may simply be a consequence of damage to the mitochondria in cancer, or an adaptation to low-oxygen environments within tumors, or a result of cancer genes shutting down the mitochondria because they are involved in the cell's apoptosis program which would otherwise kill cancerous cells. It may also be an effect associated with cell proliferation. Since glycolysis provides most of the building blocks required for cell proliferation, cancer cells (and normal proliferating cells) have been proposed to need to activate glycolysis, despite the presence of oxygen, to proliferate .[12] Evidence attributes some of the high aerobic glycolytic rates to an overexpressed form of mitochondrially-bound hexokinase[13] responsible for driving the high glycolytic activity. In kidney cancer, this effect could be due to the presence of mutations in the Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene upregulating glycolytic enzymes, including the M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase [14]

In March 2008, Lewis C. Cantley and colleagues at the Harvard Medical School announced they had identified the enzyme that gave rise to the Warburg effect.[15][16] The researchers stated tumor M2-PK, a form of the pyruvate kinase enzyme, is produced in all rapidly dividing cells, and is responsible for enabling cancer cells to consume glucose at an accelerated rate; on forcing the cells to switch to pyruvate kinase's alternative form by inhibiting the production of tumor M2-PK, their growth was curbed. The researchers acknowledged the fact that the exact chemistry of glucose metabolism was likely to vary across different forms of cancer; but PKM2 was identified in all of the cancer cells they had tested. This enzyme form is not usually found in healthy tissue, though it is apparently necessary when cells need to multiply quickly, e.g. in healing wounds or hematopoiesis.


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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31802, encodeId=d92f318029f, content=太赞了!中医牛!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e52e84884, createdName=lxm5668, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21389, encodeId=4f8521389d5, content=这个不好下定论吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Sat Apr 18 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21095, encodeId=c62a2109506, content=西医也需要从中医取经的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=194, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21076, encodeId=1b65210e6be, content=肿瘤细胞没线粒体???, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLBzoPY0a1ZQrECBF90v8AkFiaxRlNpGj1mLzD1B7ibnyBjmDEjiauBSDpOw6w4tI7YxmjdWaIW0SXL4/0, createdBy=35951605658, createdName=等你一年又一年, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 00:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21071, encodeId=6435210e104, content=不好说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sun Apr 12 20:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-09 lxm5668

    太赞了!中医牛!

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31802, encodeId=d92f318029f, content=太赞了!中医牛!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e52e84884, createdName=lxm5668, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21389, encodeId=4f8521389d5, content=这个不好下定论吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Sat Apr 18 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21095, encodeId=c62a2109506, content=西医也需要从中医取经的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=194, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21076, encodeId=1b65210e6be, content=肿瘤细胞没线粒体???, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLBzoPY0a1ZQrECBF90v8AkFiaxRlNpGj1mLzD1B7ibnyBjmDEjiauBSDpOw6w4tI7YxmjdWaIW0SXL4/0, createdBy=35951605658, createdName=等你一年又一年, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 00:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21071, encodeId=6435210e104, content=不好说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sun Apr 12 20:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-18 匿名用户

    这个不好下定论吧

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31802, encodeId=d92f318029f, content=太赞了!中医牛!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e52e84884, createdName=lxm5668, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21389, encodeId=4f8521389d5, content=这个不好下定论吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Sat Apr 18 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21095, encodeId=c62a2109506, content=西医也需要从中医取经的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=194, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21076, encodeId=1b65210e6be, content=肿瘤细胞没线粒体???, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLBzoPY0a1ZQrECBF90v8AkFiaxRlNpGj1mLzD1B7ibnyBjmDEjiauBSDpOw6w4tI7YxmjdWaIW0SXL4/0, createdBy=35951605658, createdName=等你一年又一年, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 00:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21071, encodeId=6435210e104, content=不好说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sun Apr 12 20:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-13 吴颖

    西医也需要从中医取经的

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31802, encodeId=d92f318029f, content=太赞了!中医牛!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e52e84884, createdName=lxm5668, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21389, encodeId=4f8521389d5, content=这个不好下定论吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Sat Apr 18 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21095, encodeId=c62a2109506, content=西医也需要从中医取经的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=194, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21076, encodeId=1b65210e6be, content=肿瘤细胞没线粒体???, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLBzoPY0a1ZQrECBF90v8AkFiaxRlNpGj1mLzD1B7ibnyBjmDEjiauBSDpOw6w4tI7YxmjdWaIW0SXL4/0, createdBy=35951605658, createdName=等你一年又一年, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 00:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21071, encodeId=6435210e104, content=不好说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sun Apr 12 20:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-13 等你一年又一年

    肿瘤细胞没线粒体???

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31802, encodeId=d92f318029f, content=太赞了!中医牛!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e52e84884, createdName=lxm5668, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21389, encodeId=4f8521389d5, content=这个不好下定论吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Sat Apr 18 22:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21095, encodeId=c62a2109506, content=西医也需要从中医取经的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=194, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3r6Ir8EADbw8kut6NgpfYKrksLd7rsf9GSZGCUZkpHosu8Jsibzk64KSuO8dFfOW7J5kW4bjib4eI/0, createdBy=d0201619051, createdName=吴颖, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 08:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21076, encodeId=1b65210e6be, content=肿瘤细胞没线粒体???, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLBzoPY0a1ZQrECBF90v8AkFiaxRlNpGj1mLzD1B7ibnyBjmDEjiauBSDpOw6w4tI7YxmjdWaIW0SXL4/0, createdBy=35951605658, createdName=等你一年又一年, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 00:13:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21071, encodeId=6435210e104, content=不好说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sun Apr 12 20:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-12 hbwang006

    不好说

    0

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