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如何看待抗菌药物的超说明书用法

2015-07-21 刘又宁 中华结核和呼吸杂志

作者:刘又宁细菌耐药性的快速发展是全世界面临的严重问题,已引起了多个国家政府部门的重视,有可能成为2016年在中国召开的G20国家领导人会议的议题之一。为解决这一问题,研发全新机制的有效药物当然是必要选择之一,但因抗感染新药的研发难度越来越大,成本越来越昂贵,致使许多厂家望而却步,导致新药诞生速度远远落后于耐药的发展。另一方面,我们已有百余种抗感染药物成功上市,可供临床选用,如何发挥好现有抗感染药

作者:刘又宁

细菌耐药性的快速发展是全世界面临的严重问题,已引起了多个国家政府部门的重视,有可能成为2016年在中国召开的G20国家领导人会议的议题之一。为解决这一问题,研发全新机制的有效药物当然是必要选择之一,但因抗感染新药的研发难度越来越大,成本越来越昂贵,致使许多厂家望而却步,导致新药诞生速度远远落后于耐药的发展。

另一方面,我们已有百余种抗感染药物成功上市,可供临床选用,如何发挥好现有抗感染药物的作用与潜力,同样是解决上述问题不可缺少的有效手段,如根据药物的药效学和药代动力学(PK/PD)特性,科学地改变常规给药方法和必要的超说明书应用等。

抗感染药物的作用对象是侵入人体的第三者––致病微生物,而非人体器官本身。一般来说,低毒性的抗感染药物如青霉素类适当增加剂量并不伴随着毒性增加。

另外,如果已经证实某种抗感染药物在体外和动物实验中对某种致病原有效,按着PK/PD理论,在尚未批准为适应证的靶器官又可达到安全有效的浓度,在临床无其他合适药物供选择时,临床医生也会选择超适应证试用,如替加环素,虽然尚未批准应用于医院获得性肺炎(HAP),但对多重耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌来说,因无其他有效药物可供选择,我国医生从该药上市以来就常"被迫"选用替加环素联合其他药物治疗耐药鲍曼不动杆菌引起的HAP。

根据文献报道,在7亿2千余万个抗感染药物处方中,采用超说明书的竟占到19%~43%,可见抗感染药物超说明书用法已成为业已存在的无可回避的普遍现象,甚至个别情况下超说明书用法也可能是唯一能挽救生命的手段。

对于临床医生们或"被逼无奈"或临床有特定理由的超说明书用法,不宜用生硬的法规进行强制性限制,而应采用科学方法进行疏导,并尽量将完整的、有科学根据的抗感染药物超说明书应用的有关信息提供给临床医生。为此,中国医药教育协会感染疾病专业委员会(IDSC)、《中华结核和呼吸杂志》编辑委员会、中国药学会药物临床评价研究专业委员会的有关专家们,经过1年多的不懈努力,反复斟酌研究,多次书面与会议审稿,终于制定出长达10万字的"抗菌药物超说明书用法专家共识",并在本刊首次发表。

因抗病毒与原虫感染药物的超说明书用法较少,本共识没有涉及。抗菌药物超说明书用法专家共识中所列出的48种抗细菌、真菌、非典型致病原药物均是在国内外文献中超说明书用法出现比较频繁的药物。专家们也依据循证医学证据的强弱与多少,制定出每种用法的推荐等级,以供读者参考。

虽然由厂家制定并得到相关国家政府部门批准的药品说明书是医生用药最重要、最根本的参考依据,但并不意味着都是完全科学合理的。医学和药学的研究结果在不断更新,而药品说明书的修改需要耗时长、耗资巨大的临床注册试验才能获得批准,往往明显延后。有时厂家也会从经济效益角度来考虑,认为申请某药物增大剂量或增列适应证是"得不偿失"的。以下特举出笔者认为典型说明书更新滞后的2个事例供读者参考。

氨基糖苷类药物属典型的时间依赖性抗感染药物,国内外大量的基础与临床研究结果均已证明,无论半衰期长短,如采用日剂量一次给药的方法,可以增加疗效,但毒性并不增加,甚至可减少。而事实是国内外批准的说明书中除个别药物外,绝大多数都没有建议日剂量一次应用。而在笔者参加的国家药典委员会2005年版的"临床用药须知"中,已建议肾功能正常患者,原则上氨基糖苷类药物都可以日剂量一次应用。

又如,替考拉宁国内说明书推荐的应用剂量明显偏低,甚至于轻、中症感染的维持剂量低到200 mg/d。姑且不论包括肺炎在内的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)有无"轻症"者,这样的剂量根本就不可能达到有效的血药浓度。只有如心内膜炎等重症感染,该说明书才提到维持剂量可用到800 mg/d,但也没有明确提到要不要用负荷剂量及如何应用。此种用法与国外更新后的说明书相距甚远,而据笔者所知,国内营销者根本就没有更新说明书的打算,也可能是因力所不能及吧。

以上笔者主要介绍了超说明书用药的必要性与合理性,但在文末笔者也要强调,我们制定的专家共识并没有任何约束性,也不具法律效力,主要目的是尽量给读者提供完整的、客观的科学依据,供应用时参考。建议读者要时刻权衡在具体病例应用时的利弊,并遵照所在医院的批准程序来决定是否选用超说明书用药。在遵照现有药物说明书用药就能解决临床问题的前提下,应尽量避免超说明书用法。

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    2018-04-25 xiaogan8479

    好文章值得分享

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    2015-07-23 lhlxtx
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    2015-07-21 acount

    议了这么多年还不是一样的滥用

    0

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    2015-07-21 chenhui888

    冲击疗法……

    0

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