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cTn升高一定是心梗吗?这6种病因不能忽视!

2018-11-06 武德崴 医学界心血管频道

hs-cTn动态演变、心梗的临床症状或心电图证据,缺一不可!

心肌梗死(心梗)的快速识别历来受到重视,心梗的识别手段也在不断更新。

70年代以来,各种心肌酶标志物逐渐被用于心梗的快速诊断,从早期的"老三项"--谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK),到90年代以后的"新三项"--心肌肌钙蛋白(cTn)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌红蛋白(Myo),心梗早期识别的特异度和敏感度在不断增加。

发现于50多年前的心梗标志物

AST是第一个用于心梗诊断的酶学标志物,但是特异性很低,骨骼肌、心肌均可表达;
1970年代以后,LDH和CK开始被广泛使用,CK的特异性较AST和LDH更高;
1978年,肌红蛋白的测定成为可能,虽然在心肌和骨骼肌中都有表达,但其在心梗早期即可升高的特性也成为心梗诊断的重要指标;


图1:心肌梗死快速诊断标志物的发展史

随着技术的进步,CK和LDH在心肌中的亚型也可以被测定,但其特异性仍不能令人完全满意,因此,更加特异的心肌酶指标亟待应用。


而我们今天的主角--肌钙蛋白(Tn)其实早在1965年就被发现,但直至1990年代末期,其快速测量才成为可能。Tn包括钙结合亚单位(TnC)、肌球蛋白结合亚单位(TnT)和活性调节亚单位(TnI)。

高敏cTn横空出世,心梗阴性预测值可达95%

由于TnI和TnT在心肌和骨骼肌组织中具有显著差异,因此,心肌TnI(cTnI)和TnT(cTnT)被用于心肌标志物。

92-95%的cTn与肌动蛋白结合,剩余5-8%的cTn在心肌细胞中游离,心肌一旦受到损伤,游离cTn会立即释放入血,而结合cTn需要数小时甚至数天才能释放。因此,早期的心肌损伤血cTn含量较低,需要很高的检测精度才能识别。


图2:cTn预测心梗的敏感度不断增加

随着测定技术的进步,测量的范围和精度不断增加。目前使用的第五代cTn测定技术能在第四代的基础上精确10-100倍,其敏感度可达到0.5-5 ng/L的水平,因此被称为高敏cTn(hs-cTn)。首次检测对于心梗的阴性预测值可达95%,3小时后重复检测几乎可达100%。

小心!cTn升高的6大非心梗病因

hs-Tn的检测提高了心梗诊断的敏感性和阴性预测值,同时必然降低特异性和阳性预测值。因此对cTn出现升高的非心肌梗死原因应特别注意,约有13%的患者出现cTn升高时并非出现了ACS。

非心梗引起cTn的升高主要有以下6大原因:

非缺血相关的心肌损伤:包括外伤、手术操作、放化疗、胸外按压、电除颤等;
尚未发生心肌梗死的氧供需失衡:贫血、心动过速、心动过缓、低血压、主动脉瓣疾病、肥厚型心肌病等;
心肌牵拉:充血性心衰、肺栓塞、肺高压、COPD等;
cTn在体液中累积:各种肾功能不全、肝功能不全
系统性疾病:脓毒血症、全身炎症反应综合征、甲减、严重烧伤等
神经源性异常:脑血管病、癫痫等。

因此,看到hs-cTn升高就考虑患者发生了心梗是万万不可取的。

如何通过hs-cTn判断心肌梗死?

牢记两大要素:重复测量,结合临床

由2016年欧洲心脏病学会发布的非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)指南推荐,根据hs-cTn排查心肌梗死的步骤如图3所示:


图3:根据hs-cTn排查心肌梗死的流程图

对于胸痛患者,大多数情况下均需要在入院首诊检查hs-cTn后间隔3小时再次复查,这样才能确立cTn的动态变化趋势;

其次,结合临床症状、心电图变化进行鉴别也是必不可少的步骤。

Hs-cTn的动态变化是心肌损伤的证据,而临床症状和心电图是心肌缺血的证据,这两者是建立心肌梗死诊断的基石,缺一不可。

即便如此,动态变化的hs-cTn和胸痛/心电图改变也有非心肌梗死的可能性。

最容易与心肌梗死发生混淆的是心肌炎,无论从cTn的升高程度,还是心电图、临床症状,心肌炎与心肌梗死都有极高的相似度。因此,对于怀疑心肌梗死但侵入检查未见冠脉异常的患者应考虑心肌炎的可能性,需进一步行心脏MR检查。

其次,章鱼壶综合征也可表现为心肌梗死的症状,但cTn的上升程度较轻,其心脏彩超也有特异性改变。

另外,肺栓塞伴急性右心负荷加重及心力衰竭者,hs-cTn也可呈上升或下降趋势,但cTn升高程度均低,并且往往在40小时内消退。

最后,Hs-cTn没有动态演变的心梗是否存在?

答案是肯定的。

很多非ST抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者在发病24小时之内hs-cTn的变化幅度并不大,超过四分之一的NSTEMI患者在起病6小时之内cTn的升高幅度不超过20%,出现这一现象的原因并无定论,也应引起我们的重视。

因此,hs-cTn虽然可以作为目前心肌损伤乃至心肌梗死最敏感的诊断依据,但其应用过程中也处处充满陷阱。保持清醒的头脑,个体化,综合评估患者状况,同时结合可靠的实验室检查手段才是避免漏诊误诊的关键。

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    2023-03-06 ms4000000406554858 来自四川省

    学习了

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    2018-12-01 zwjnj2

    好好学习努力学习

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117928, encodeId=702c211e9281d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=717e8567137, createdName=ms4000000406554858, createdTime=Mon Mar 06 14:00:22 CST 2023, time=2023-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=四川省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354197, encodeId=566635419efb, content=好好学习努力学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6DGOvNrRdcib3UmzMgpEQpl0ENSJScphsFtdgfibXX1g1IuEYGCjP23UqCd52TxTpSZibtPiclyusaHicnNXd78alaia19Qy1nAFo18/0, createdBy=50381491660, createdName=zwjnj2, createdTime=Sat Dec 01 18:25:11 CST 2018, time=2018-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354196, encodeId=1ad83541964b, content=好好学习努力学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6DGOvNrRdcib3UmzMgpEQpl0ENSJScphsFtdgfibXX1g1IuEYGCjP23UqCd52TxTpSZibtPiclyusaHicnNXd78alaia19Qy1nAFo18/0, createdBy=50381491660, createdName=zwjnj2, createdTime=Sat Dec 01 18:25:02 CST 2018, time=2018-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=352967, encodeId=f41035296ef2, content=关注急性冠状动脉疾病。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Nov 18 17:37:54 CST 2018, time=2018-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=352386, encodeId=89e6352386be, content=好好学习天天学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6DGOvNrRdcib3UmzMgpEQpl0ENSJScphsFtdgfibXX1g1IuEYGCjP23UqCd52TxTpSZibtPiclyusaHicnNXd78alaia19Qy1nAFo18/0, createdBy=50381491660, createdName=zwjnj2, createdTime=Mon Nov 12 15:19:18 CST 2018, time=2018-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351846, encodeId=5e38351846bf, content=很好的学习机会, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/04/12/cd30eefc465f70dc4dad89bd57479781.jpg, createdBy=02be2318568, createdName=一天没事干, createdTime=Wed Nov 07 15:13:35 CST 2018, time=2018-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-01 zwjnj2

    好好学习努力学习

    0

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    2018-11-18 jyzxjiangqin

    关注急性冠状动脉疾病。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2117928, encodeId=702c211e9281d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=717e8567137, createdName=ms4000000406554858, createdTime=Mon Mar 06 14:00:22 CST 2023, time=2023-03-06, status=1, ipAttribution=四川省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354197, encodeId=566635419efb, content=好好学习努力学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6DGOvNrRdcib3UmzMgpEQpl0ENSJScphsFtdgfibXX1g1IuEYGCjP23UqCd52TxTpSZibtPiclyusaHicnNXd78alaia19Qy1nAFo18/0, createdBy=50381491660, createdName=zwjnj2, createdTime=Sat Dec 01 18:25:11 CST 2018, time=2018-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=354196, encodeId=1ad83541964b, content=好好学习努力学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6DGOvNrRdcib3UmzMgpEQpl0ENSJScphsFtdgfibXX1g1IuEYGCjP23UqCd52TxTpSZibtPiclyusaHicnNXd78alaia19Qy1nAFo18/0, createdBy=50381491660, createdName=zwjnj2, createdTime=Sat Dec 01 18:25:02 CST 2018, time=2018-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=352967, encodeId=f41035296ef2, content=关注急性冠状动脉疾病。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Nov 18 17:37:54 CST 2018, time=2018-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=352386, encodeId=89e6352386be, content=好好学习天天学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6DGOvNrRdcib3UmzMgpEQpl0ENSJScphsFtdgfibXX1g1IuEYGCjP23UqCd52TxTpSZibtPiclyusaHicnNXd78alaia19Qy1nAFo18/0, createdBy=50381491660, createdName=zwjnj2, createdTime=Mon Nov 12 15:19:18 CST 2018, time=2018-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351846, encodeId=5e38351846bf, content=很好的学习机会, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/04/12/cd30eefc465f70dc4dad89bd57479781.jpg, createdBy=02be2318568, createdName=一天没事干, createdTime=Wed Nov 07 15:13:35 CST 2018, time=2018-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-11-12 zwjnj2

    好好学习天天学习

    0

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    2018-11-07 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

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