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必看:2017版NCCN结直肠癌指南的更新!

2016-12-09 陈功 医悦会

导语: 2016年11月23日,NCCN在线发布了2017版结肠癌和直肠癌临床实践指南,和2016年V2版对比,还是出现了很多能改变临床实践的更新,尤其关于左右半的问题,由于以指南的形式第一次推荐将原发瘤部位纳入mCRC一线治疗中靶向药物的选择参考依据,这必将是里程碑式的更新,相信也会是引起轩然大波的更新。以下是笔者对2017版NCCN结直肠癌指南的可能会改变临床实践的主要更新做一解读,不看不

导语: 2016年11月23日,NCCN在线发布了2017版结肠癌和直肠癌临床实践指南,和2016年V2版对比,还是出现了很多能改变临床实践的更新,尤其关于左右半的问题,由于以指南的形式第一次推荐将原发瘤部位纳入mCRC一线治疗中靶向药物的选择参考依据,这必将是里程碑式的更新,相信也会是引起轩然大波的更新。

以下是笔者对2017版NCCN结直肠癌指南的可能会改变临床实践的主要更新做一解读,不看不知道,一看下一跳!


目录(内容比较多,大家抽时间慢慢看)
1、更新1:早期结直肠癌根治术后建议服用低剂量阿司匹林作为“癌症二级预防”措施
2、更新2:可切除肝/肺转移瘤的新辅助化疗方案中删除靶向药物
3、更新3:RAS野生型mRNA的一线靶向治疗,EGFR单抗仅限于左侧结肠癌患者
4、更新4:首次推荐PD-1单抗免疫治疗用于dMMR/MSI-H的mCRC之末线治疗

更新1:早期结直肠癌根治术后建议服用低剂量阿司匹林作为“癌症二级预防”措施
        
2017版NCCN结直肠癌指南在"结肠癌长期随访保健计划"(PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVORSHIP - Colorectal Long-term Follow-up Care)章节的"生活方式和健康咨询"栏目里更新了推荐,"考虑低剂量阿司匹林"。并在指南最后的"讨论"文字稿部分专门增加了一个章节,"结直肠癌术后生存患者的二级化学预防",来阐述早期结直肠癌患者根治术后推荐口服低剂量阿司匹林的相关内容。
        
关于阿司匹林的防癌与抗癌效果,已经关注了很多年,既往主要研究集中在结直肠肿瘤领域,关注阿司匹林在结直肠癌化学预防领域的两大作用:减少健康人群中CRC的发生率(一级预防);减少罹患CRC者根治术后的肿瘤复发(二级预防);而阿司匹林在结直肠癌二级预防的价值,最有名的证据来自哈佛大学麻省总院(MGH)著名学者陈志辉(Andrew CHAN)领导的研究小组的发现,他们在2012年发现阿司匹林对结肠癌术后复发的预防可能与PIK3CA基因突变有关,该研究结果发表在当年的新英格兰医学杂志(Liao, X等,NEJM 2012),引发了全球对此的研究热潮。
       
2015年荷兰莱登大学(Leiden University)医学院在欧洲癌症大会(ECC)上公开报到的最新研究结果显示(M. Frouws, 2015 ECC Ab#2306),癌症确诊后常规服用阿司匹林能显著改善来源于整个消化道癌症,尤其是结直肠癌患者的生存情况。这项研究纳入1998-2011年间在荷兰国家卫生系统注册的消化道癌症患者共13715例,分析了仅在4确诊后才开始服用阿司匹林和从未服用阿司匹林的两个群体共9538例患者,主要为结直肠癌(占67.7%),还包括胃—食管癌(占10.2%)和肝胆系统癌、胰腺癌等;中位随访时间48.6月,结果表明,癌症确诊后服用阿司匹林的患者对比未服用的患者来说,5年OS分别为75%和42%,生存提高了几乎一倍;在各瘤种分组分析发现,除了胰腺癌外,其他消化道癌瘤患者均从阿司匹林中获益,其中结直肠癌的获益最大。
        
基于这个研究的发现,目前荷兰已经于2015年1月启动了一个随机对照研究,对比阿司匹林在II/III期结肠癌辅助治疗中的价值。而由新加坡国立癌症中心牵头的ASCOLT研究(Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT00565708)是该领域中最受关注的RCT之一,该研究针对接受了起码四个月FU为基础的辅助化疗(放疗不限)的II/III期结直肠癌,标准治疗结束以后,随机接受阿司匹林200mg/天或安慰剂治疗,一共3年。该研究拟入组超过1000例患者,目前已经入组超过2/3,中国有多家中心参与ASCOLT研究,包括笔者所在中心。期待这个研究能进一步回答阿司匹林在结直肠癌防治中的价值问题。如果真能得到证实,那将会是里程碑式的进展。

陈功教授说:
       
而在前瞻性RCT的结果尚未出来以前,NCCN就在指南里推荐,这也是很不寻常的,也说明业界对这个问题比较一致的看法。小小的百年神药阿司匹林,能否在结直肠癌防治中发挥大大的作用?我们拭目以待。  
     
更新2:可切除肝/肺转移瘤的新辅助化疗方案中删除靶向药物
      
mCRC的肝/肺转移如果是初始可切除,可以有两种治疗策略:新辅助治疗,然后手术切除,然后术后辅助化疗;或者直接手术切除,然后术后辅助化疗。
      
关于术前新辅助治疗的方案推荐, NCCN指南一直以来都是推荐"化疗+靶向治疗"的,2004年贝伐单抗(Bev)被批准用于mCRC治疗以后,2005年NCCN指南就推荐FOLFOX/FOLFIRI+Bev用于初始可切除mCRC的新辅助治疗,到了2008年KRAS与EGFR单抗的故事被发现以后,2009年NCCN也推荐Cet用于该领域KAS野生型患者的治疗。从此直到2016年,NCCN指南对于初始可切除mCRC的术前新辅助治疗推荐均维持在同样的状态:两药化疗±Bev,FOLFOX/FOLFIRI±Cet (KRAS/RAS野生型)。
      
直到我们有了第一个前瞻性RCT的证据,EPOC (EORTC 40983)研究。该研究表明在初始可切除的CRCLM(结直肠癌肝转移),术前3个月的FOLFOX新辅助化疗然后再手术,对比直接手术,3年无进展生存率绝对值提高8.1%(P=0.041)(Nordlinger, LANCET 2008),自此奠定了FOLFOX在初始可切除mCRC患者的地位,不管是NCCN还是ESMO(欧洲肿瘤内科学会)指南,均推荐对于绝大多数初始可切除mCRC(具有预后不良因素者)采用新辅助化疗策略,一来缩小肿瘤、杀灭微小转移灶,减少术后复发,改善生存;二来,也检测药物敏感性,为后续治疗选择提供依据,第三,更重要的是利用新辅助治疗的时间,来观察肿瘤生物学行为,避免不必要的过度手术(EPOC研究里,新辅助化疗组和直接手术组的无效手术比例分别为4.4%对10.6%)。
      
基于EPOC的结果,业界开始了能否锦上添花的探索:在初始可切除mCRC的新辅助治疗中探索联合靶向治疗的价值。在EGFR靶向治疗领域,目前唯一的前瞻性三期RCT就是NEW EPOC研究,也是来自欧洲EORTC组织,术前三个月的FOLFOX +西妥昔单抗(Cet)对比FOLFOX新辅助化疗,然后手术,术后再继续三个月与术前治疗相同的化疗,研究期待西妥昔单抗能更加进一步提高疗效,然而,事与愿违,Cet组根本没带来生存获益,当研究观察到比预期要少一半的终点事件发生时,Cet组的PFS已经呈现出显著缩短(14.8对24.2个月;HR=1.50, 95%CI:1.00-2.25; p<0.048)(Primrose J等, Lancet Oncol 2014),因此,NCCN指南在2015年起就在相关部分指南增加了一条警示说明,"对于在潜在可切除的患者中使用FOLFOX+西妥昔单抗的研究结果仍有争议"。可以说,Cet在初始可切除mCRC唯一一个研究是阴性的。
      
而另一个靶向药物Bev在该领域则至今尚未进行过一个前瞻性随机对照临床研究,唯一的都是一些小型、单臂的II期研究,显示FOLFOX/CAPEOX甚至FOLFXIRI联合Bev能取得很好的客观缓解率。
      
从上可以看出,事实上该领域一直没有很好的前瞻性循证医学证据,尤其是靶向治疗,而NCCN既往的"化疗±靶向"的推荐,相信更多是基于把初始可切除转移性疾病当做"晚期疾病"中的一种特殊情况来看待,而不是基于循证医学的推荐。因此,2017版NCCN指南中将该章节的推荐直接更新为"FOLFOX/CAPEOX(2A类证据,首选)或FOLFIRI(2B类证据)",删除了靶向药物的推荐,从表面上看,这是向循证医学回归,但事实上这是合理的吗?
      
关于"初始可切除mCRC新辅助治疗是否应该使用靶向药物"这个热门话题,2016年是个戏剧性的一年,国际两大主流指南ESMO和NCCN,一个向左,一个向右,分歧再起:ESMO指南刚刚在2016年7月7日发布的最新版mCRC指南(Van Cutsem等, Ann Oncol 2016)中对靶向药物松开了一个口子,没想到时隔几个月,NCCN指南却做出了相反的决定。
      
也许是由于循证医学证据的缺乏,既往的ESMO指南一直没有推荐靶向药物用于初始可切除mCRC的新辅助治疗,直到2015/2016年度,ESMO指南在初始可切除mCRC围手术期治疗模式的选择上,指南做了比较大的更改,明确提出要从"手术技术标准"和"肿瘤学预后因素"两个维度进行考量(图1)。

        
其中手术技术分为"容易切除"和"困难切除"两个标准,肿瘤学预后信息则分为"极好""好"和"差"三个标准,主要衡量参数涉及肿瘤生物学行为,尽管指南认为尚没有明确的评判指标,但目前最好的还是复发风险评分(CRS)的五个参数:转移瘤数目、大小、转移瘤出现的时间、原发瘤区域淋巴结是否转移及血CEA(癌胚抗原)水平。总体来说,越容易切除、预后越好的肿瘤越不需要术前新辅助化疗,比如CRS 0-1分患者,对于CRS 2分左右的中度复发风险患者,属于预后"好"组别,比如EPOC研究里的主要群体,指南推荐FOLFOX术前新辅助化疗;而对于CRS 3分以上的高度复发风险患者,预后属于"差"组别,此时ESMO指南不但推荐要新辅助化疗,方案也不仅仅局限于FOLFOX单纯化疗了,2016版ESMO指南指出"技术上容易切除但伴有一个或多个不良预后因素的mCRC,对于如何才是最佳的术前治疗方案仍然不确定,但由于这些患者‘治愈’的机会要小得多,因此,除了选择EPOC研究中的FOLFOX方案以外,也可以考虑更加强烈的方案,比如两药细胞毒化疗联合靶向药物,或FOLFOXIRI三药化疗单独或联合Bev",对于这条推荐,ESMO专家组给出的证据级别为V级,属于最低等级的"未设对照的研究、病例报告或专家观点",但专家组对此的共识度却是最高级别的(>75%),说明对于这个问题,尽管没有前瞻性的证据,但在临床实践中已经达成业界共识。
        
因此,在ESMO 2015/2016指南发布以后,我曾经在指南解读中和国内同事说过一句话"这个指南给肿瘤内科医师在为初始可切除mCRC术前新辅助治疗中应用靶向药物去掉了一直以来套在头上的紧箍咒",当我们都以为ESMO和NCCN逐渐趋于一致的时候,2017NCCN指南却给出如此相反的更新,那我们应该如何来看这个问题呢?
       
我个人是更加支持ESMO指南的观点,对于NCCN的这个更新,我觉得是要谨慎对待的,理由如下:
        
核心就是"可切除"的标准问题。如果从"循证医学证据"的角度出发,要仔细剖析"初始可切除mCRC"新辅助治疗领域的证据标准。关于"可切除"的标准,临床研究和临床实践使用的标准从来都不是统一的,迄今为止,所有的以"手术切除"为主要目标的临床随机对照研究,也许是为了研究设计、开展的方便,均把"可切除肝转移"定语为"数目<5个",比如EPOC研究里全部病例都是转移瘤数目<4个的,NEW EPOC研究里75%的病例也是<4个的,因此,这样的研究结果,当要应用到临床实践时,也要看看适用的"可切除"病例是不是类似的?事实上,在临床实践中,或者NCCN指南中,讨论的"可切除"往往是指单纯技术上的可切除,也就是说,没有考虑肿瘤学的因素,比如那些数目5个或更多的病例(ESMO指南中的‘预后差’组别),只要技术上可切除,临床实践中也被视为"可切除",而这些病例要是放在临床研究中,却属于"不可切除"病例,因此,将EPOC、NEW EPOC的结果完全套用于这些‘预后差’的可切除病例,显然是不合理的。
        
事实上,国际上非常有名的欧洲结直肠癌肝转移专家Adam教授及其团队就在近期的综述里将"肠癌肝转移手术禁忌症"分为"技术禁忌症(有绝对和相对之分)"和"肿瘤学禁忌症(都是相对)"两大类别,肿瘤学禁忌症的其中一条就是"转移瘤数目≧5个",在2016版ESMO指南里就采纳了这个观点。

陈功教授说
     
总之,关于"初始可切除mCRC围手术期治疗策略"这个话题,我个人不赞同NCCN对于在新辅助化疗中完全删除靶向药物的更新,我强烈建议采信ESMO指南的观点来看待这一问题,一定要从"技术标准"和"预后信息"两个维度来参考决策,对于预后很差的技术上"可切除"mCRC,术前新辅助治疗不应该排除靶向药物。

更新3:RAS野生型mRNA的一线靶向治疗:EGFR单抗仅限于左侧结肠癌患者
          
2017版NCCN指南更新了RAS野生型mCRC一线靶向治疗的推荐,将抗EGFR靶向治疗(西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗)在一线治疗中的使用"仅限于原发瘤位于左侧结肠者",并在指南最后面的"讨论"部分专门增加了一个章节"原发肿瘤部位的价值"来阐述此事(详见本文末)。可以说,这是今年来一个很重大的更新,我个人甚至认为是里程碑式的,它的到来,既是情理之中,又是出乎意料,也必将引起业界的轩然大波。

我们先来说说为何是情理之中?
        
关于原发瘤部位在mCRC治疗决策中的作用,也就是业界统称的"左右半之争"是2015-2016年度CRC领域最热门的话题之一。首先明确了的一个观点就是肿瘤部位是III/IV期结直肠癌独立的的预后因素,右半结肠癌预后显著差于左半结肠和直肠,与治疗手段无关。其次,原发瘤部位是EGFR靶向治疗的负性疗效预测指标。这一点才是NCCN指南2017版更新的主要原因。
        
事实上,左右半结肠在胚胎起源、解剖学供应、肿瘤的临床表现等诸多方面均是不同的,很早以前就有学者提出"结肠"并不是同一个器官,大意如此。而这些起源的不同,导致了更重要的分子生物学特征的差异,恐怕这才是左右半结肠癌差异的主要"元凶"。目前的研究结论显示,这两种基因突变通路与结肠肿瘤发生的部位明显相关。
        
左半结肠癌与抑癌基因(例如APC、P53、SMAD4)的失活和KRAS基因突变等相关;而右半结肠癌则与癌基因的激活、BRAF基因突变、CpG岛甲基化表型(CIMP+)、MLH1基因的甲基化失活和MSI阳性表达等相关。
       
结直肠癌分子特征共识分型(CMS)中,右半结肠癌主要是预后差的CMS 1和CMS 3型,占大约70%(Guinney J等,Nat Med 2015);那么,这种隐藏在解剖部位表象下的分子特征差异会否对治疗效果产生影响呢?近年来越来越多的回顾性分析显示,mCRC靶向治疗中,部位也许是个疗效预测因素。


表(1):所列为转移性结直肠癌接受目前主要两类靶向治疗抗EGFR单抗(西妥昔单抗或帕尼单抗)或抗VEGF单抗(贝伐单抗)治疗的患者中,回顾性分析原发瘤部位与疗效的数据。

从这些数据可以看出,抗血管生成制剂贝伐单抗在mCRC的疗效也许与原发肿瘤部位没有关系,在Loupakis的研究中15发现肿瘤部位和是否使用贝伐单抗这两个因素均为OS的独立预后因素,分别做了这两个因素与OS、PFS和ORR的交互检验,发现贝伐单抗的疗效与部位均不存在交互关系(P均>0.29);另外在几个抗EGFR和抗VEGF头对头比较研究中,还可以看到,正如表(1)中所示,贝伐单抗在左、右半肿瘤中的获益均是稳定的。

但抗EGFR靶向治疗的疗效和部位就存在很明显的关系,在左半结肠中,不管是帕尼单抗还是西妥昔单抗,与单纯化疗或化疗联合贝伐单抗的治疗对比,抗EGFR均能带来显著获益;反之,在右半结肠,与单纯化疗相比,抗EGFR靶向治疗的获益则明显减少或不能获益;贝伐单抗在右半的获益显著高于抗EGFR靶向治疗。

这些现象提示即使RAS野生型的右半结肠癌,也不能从抗EGFR治疗中获益或获益明显减少,这肯定与背后的分子事件有关,前面的阐述已经知道,右半结肠癌中富集的BRAF突变、过甲基化、HER2过表达等分子事件,都是代表着对EGFR单抗耐药的,但就排除这些目前已知的分子事件以后,还是不能完全解释肿瘤部位对疗效的影响。因此,我们可以假设,是否原发瘤部位背后还隐藏着一条或多条我们目前尚未发现的、独立于RAS/RAF通路的对EGFR靶向治疗耐药的分子同道呢?在没有完全明确以前,也许可以把原发瘤部位作为抗EGFR单抗的替代负性疗效预测标志物。

事实上,2017版NCCN指南的更新,主要正是基于上述发现及假说,认为即使是RAS野生型,右侧mCRC不能从抗EGFR靶向治疗中获益,或生存获益很微弱。在近2年的全球主流会议ASCO、ESMO年会上,原发瘤部位的问题都是备受关注的话题,尤其是2016年10月刚刚结束的ESMO年会,更是专门举办了一个专场来对此进行讨论,可以说,已经向业界传递除了足够的信息:是时候根据原发瘤部位来选择mCRC靶向治疗了。所以,这个时候NCCN指南首次以指南的形式来回应这个问题,就是情理之中的事,即"左右半之争"终于写进指南了。
        
那么,为何又说这次的NCCN指南更新又是"意料之外"的呢?
        
这主要是是指本次更新的具体内容,即仅仅针对右侧mCRC来限定了抗EGFR靶向药物的使用,却没对左侧mCRC的靶向选择给出倾向性建议。我相信这也将是最有争议的地方。
        
对于这个更新,核心是两个信息:
        
第一,是不是EGFR单抗不能用于右侧mCRC的治疗了?
        
NCCN指南的原文是在EGFR单抗的地方加了后置定语"仅限于左侧结肠肿瘤"(left-sided tumors only),从字面上理解,似乎是指EGFR单抗不能在RAS野生型右侧mCRC中应用了。我的理解,虽然本意上NCCN也许是想做此推荐的,因为从表(1)结果、笔者的分析以及NCCN指南最后的讨论部分专门增加的文字阐述可以看出,指南初步认为"右侧原发瘤部位也许是EGFR单抗的另外一个负性疗效预测替代标志物",如果这一点未来能被证实,那么,"原发瘤位于右侧"将会被当做另一个标准来排除EGFR的单抗治疗。
        
但起码在2017版NCCN指南中,我个人认为还不完全是这个意思,首先,这个"仅限于右侧肿瘤"的限定仅用于一线治疗,在二线及后续治疗中,对EGFR单抗的使用是没有限制原发瘤部位的,也就是说,根据NCCN指南,RAS野生型右半mCRC在二线以后还是可以使用EGFR单抗的,这在文字讨论部分已经说得很清楚。其次,我们不应该忘记的背景常识是:NCCN指南对于mCRC的一线推荐,其基本常识就是化疗+靶向是mCRC的标准治疗模式,或者说,这种推荐基于将"化疗+Bev"来作为基准对照后给出的,对于和单纯化疗相比的情况,也是数据很不充分的。
        
第二,没有强调左侧mCRC中靶向药物选择的倾向性
        
从表(1)中的数据可以看出,在左侧mCRC中,不管是和单纯化疗相比,还是和Bev相比,EGFR单抗都显示出显著的生存获益,那么,NCCN指南在强调右侧肿瘤中EGFR单抗可能没效的情况下,为何对于左侧肿瘤,不倾向性优先推荐EGFR单抗呢?我想这个想法是绝大多数人都会有的,包括我,这也是为何我说2017版NCCN指南将会是继2010年错误删除FOLFOX+Cet组合后的又一次会引起轩然大波的更新事件的原因。
        
事实上,回想起在2016年ASCO年会上我与Venook教授(CALGB/SWOG 80405研究的PI,NCCN结直肠癌指南专家组主席)的对话,对于NCCN指南的这个更新,我也就不觉得奇怪了,当时我问了他一个问题就是NCCN指南会不会基于原发瘤部位来改变mCRC的治疗选择,他回答说一定会改,我问会怎么改,他当时就说右半不推荐使用EGFR单抗,当时我就追问那基于现有数据,左边是不是优先推荐EGFR单抗,他当时回答是也许不会这样写,因为这些数据表明右侧肿瘤对于EGFR单抗很可能是"无效",而在左边,数据表明两个单抗都是有效的,只是EGFR单抗的疗效要好于Bev,但是,差别不是那么的大,而且,一个具体方案的选择,除了疗效,还看其他很多方面的东西。
        
联想Venook教授的这些话,基本也就是现在NCCN指南讨论部分的文字稿的意思,也许这是美国医生的普遍想法,毕竟,在美国,Bev是国家医保覆盖的mCRC一线标准治疗药物,美国医学界对此深信不疑。从另外一个角度来看,他们提出的Cet与Bev的疗效差异,在右半的差异要大于左半的差异,这个是事实,如果来看头对头研究结果,FIRE-3研究中,左侧mCRC中Cet对比Bev的OS获益占优,HR是0.63,右侧HR是1.44,Bev占优,(Tejpar, JAMA Oncol, 2016)如果转化为Bev 对比Cet, HR将是0.56,小于左侧的0.63。CALGB/SWOG 80405研究的结果也是一样,Cet对比Bev,OS的HR,左侧是0.77,右侧是1.36,后者转换为bev对cet的HR是0.64,也小于左侧(Lenz. 2016 ESMO)。说明在右侧肿瘤中Bev对于Cet的相对获益要大于左侧肿瘤中Cet对于Bev的相对获益。
        
也就是说,基于这些数据,Cet与Bev在左侧mCRC的疗效差异还没有大到足以使NCCN专家组优先推荐Cet,如果再考虑到bev在美国是被纳入医保的标准治疗药物、耐受性更好等客观因素,NCCN指南在左侧mCRC治疗中将这两个靶向药物做同等级别来推荐,也就不奇怪了。
        
对于中国的临床医生,是否会完全采信NCCN的这一策略,相比肯定会存有很大争议。我个人的观点是首先应该承认在左侧mCRC中cet疗效优于Bev这一不争的事实,然后再结合毒性、患者意愿、治疗花费等其他元素来综合考虑,总体来说,还是会优先推荐Cet用于左侧mCRC的治疗。

陈功教授说

总之,近几年内,该话题会持久成为晚期肠癌治疗中备受关注的热点,相信也必将对我们的临床实践产生影响。对于2017版NCCN指南的更新,尽管仍有不尽人意之处,但它仍然是具有划时代的意义,应该欢迎。我好奇的是,现在就等着看ESMO指南会怎样来看部位的问题,何时会纳入指南?会如何推荐,会不会更含蓄一些:右半说得没那么绝对,左半也有些对EGFR的倾向性?拭目以待。        

更新4:首次推荐PD-1单抗免疫治疗用于dMMR/MSI-H的mCRC之末线治疗

2017版NCCN指南中首次将免疫检查点抑制剂PD-1单抗Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab推荐用于具有dMMR/MSI-H分子表型的mCRC的末线治疗。

2015年6月的ASCO年会,是mCRC免疫治疗迎来突破性进展的时候。会议公布了一项抗PD-1(程序性死亡受体)免疫治疗的研究结果——NCT01876511 (Dung. 2015 ASCO LBA100)。该研究旨在探索MMR(错配修复)基因状态指导下的抗PD-1免疫治疗在晚期癌症的价值。该Ⅱ期临床研究纳入已经接受目前所有标准治疗后失败的晚期病例,根据MMR状态将患者分为3组——MMR突变(dMMR)的结直肠癌(CRC)、MMR正常(pMMR)的CRC以及dMMR的其他肿瘤,给予抗PD-1免疫治疗药物pembrolizumab治疗。主要研究终点是20周时的免疫相关的客观反应率(irORR)和免疫相关的无疾病进展生存期(irPFS)。结果显示dMMR CRC、pMMR CRC和dMMR其他肿瘤3组的20周irORR分别为40%、0、71%;20周irPFS分别为78%、11%、67%;dMMR组的中位无进展生存(PFS)和总生存(OS)均尚未达到,而pMMR CRC组的PFS期和OS期则分别为2.2个月(HR 0.103,P<0.001)和5.0个月(HR 0.216,P=0.02)。
 
ASCO大会公布结果的当天,全球最顶尖的医学期刊《新英格兰医学杂志》就在线发表了这项研究的全文(Diaz. NEJM 2015),足见其里程碑式的价值。2016年ASCO年会该研究(Dung. 2016 ASCO ab103)扩大了dMMR CRC组样本数(从11例扩大到28例),结果仍然维持,ORR高达57%, 中位PFS和OS均未达到。该研究第一次通过MMR基因状态筛选富集了对PD-1免疫治疗有效的mCRC。
        
NCCN 正式基于此做出指南更新,对于这个推荐,我倒觉得是来得迟了一些,我曾经以为在2016年版的NCCN指南里就应该更新这个推荐,但遗憾的是2016版NCCN指南仅仅在"讨论"部分涉及这个话题,在指南的流程图治疗推荐中并没有出现PD-1单抗的身影。好在2017年,它终于来了!
  
该研究的重要性不但为正陷于治疗困境中的mCRC带来了突破性进展,还在于它开启了免疫治疗的另一个新思路——基于基因/标志物富集的"精准"免疫治疗。我们已经知道,不是所有癌症、某一癌症的所有患者均对免疫治疗有效,如何富集有效人群,是接下来我们所面临的问题。尽管dMMR CRC免疫治疗取得了突破性进展,遗憾的是,dMMR肿瘤的比例是极少的,在mCRC中仅占5-8%左右,对于占绝大多数比例的pMMR患者,如何提高疗效啊,寻找其他的疗效预测标志物,仍然是个艰巨的任务。

陈功教授说

以上这四大块内容,就是我个人认为2017年NCCN指南最重要的更新,是可以改变现有临床实践的。

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  2. 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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=162405, encodeId=aa1c1624054a, content=医学进步是飞快的,及时了解医学进展很有必要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdicLmdJEK9VoiaDianY6fzHNN9iaGv80m39pMHU3eSnNN0kn1o0rdQ7Bz2f03Qibcf1ia7rKvxIt4UVlErF2d4gCmDC5/0, createdBy=98e31740255, createdName=cqykthl, createdTime=Tue Dec 13 10:10:20 CST 2016, time=2016-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161930, encodeId=013616193040, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, 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encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Sun Dec 11 00:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161603, encodeId=de55161603d4, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:32:04 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161602, encodeId=ca7016160255, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:31:58 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161594, encodeId=6a921615940e, content=受益匪浅,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0a61971598, createdName=往日如昨, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:08:48 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161450, encodeId=5c7016145056, content=讲得很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-17 李东泽

    这篇咨询不错哦,值得学习,对于临床工作和科研思路都很有帮助。

    0

  3. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:31:58 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161594, encodeId=6a921615940e, content=受益匪浅,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0a61971598, createdName=往日如昨, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:08:48 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161450, encodeId=5c7016145056, content=讲得很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-13 cqykthl

    医学进步是飞快的,及时了解医学进展很有必要

    0

  4. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:31:58 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161594, encodeId=6a921615940e, content=受益匪浅,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0a61971598, createdName=往日如昨, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:08:48 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161450, encodeId=5c7016145056, content=讲得很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-11 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

  5. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. 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  7. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:31:58 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161594, encodeId=6a921615940e, content=受益匪浅,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0a61971598, createdName=往日如昨, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:08:48 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161450, encodeId=5c7016145056, content=讲得很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-10 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

  8. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:31:58 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161594, encodeId=6a921615940e, content=受益匪浅,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0a61971598, createdName=往日如昨, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:08:48 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161450, encodeId=5c7016145056, content=讲得很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-10 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169398, encodeId=2165169398f0, content=继续保持良好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf931932042, createdName=1e0d037em49(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jan 10 20:32:04 CST 2017, time=2017-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=163456, encodeId=87c716345692, content=这篇咨询不错哦,值得学习,对于临床工作和科研思路都很有帮助。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Dec 17 10:03:07 CST 2016, time=2016-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Sun Dec 11 00:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161603, encodeId=de55161603d4, content=继续学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:32:04 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161602, encodeId=ca7016160255, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:31:58 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161594, encodeId=6a921615940e, content=受益匪浅,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0a61971598, createdName=往日如昨, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:08:48 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161450, encodeId=5c7016145056, content=讲得很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-10 往日如昨

    受益匪浅,谢谢

    0

  10. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:31:58 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161594, encodeId=6a921615940e, content=受益匪浅,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0a61971598, createdName=往日如昨, createdTime=Sat Dec 10 07:08:48 CST 2016, time=2016-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=161450, encodeId=5c7016145056, content=讲得很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Fri Dec 09 12:21:15 CST 2016, time=2016-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-09 虈亣靌

    讲得很好,学习了

    0

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