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脊柱微创术后椎旁肌缺血坏死2例

2018-12-13 薛文 王栋 杨阳 王增平 中国骨伤

脊柱微创术(MISS)是脊柱外科发展进程中的必然,其中经皮椎弓根螺钉技术(PPS),通道辅助下微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(MISTLIF),以其微小的创伤和术后迅速的康复被推崇。我科自2014年6月至2017年10月,采用PPS和通道辅助下MIS-TLIF完成246例患者,在取得满意疗效的同时,有2例患者术后出现了椎旁肌大范围的缺血坏死,在经过漫长治疗期,最终获得了痊愈,现报告总结如下。

脊柱微创术(MISS)是脊柱外科发展进程中的必然,其中经皮椎弓根螺钉技术(PPS),通道辅助下微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(MISTLIF),以其微小的创伤和术后迅速的康复被推崇。我科自2014年6月至2017年10月,采用PPS和通道辅助下MIS-TLIF完成246例患者,在取得满意疗效的同时,有2例患者术后出现了椎旁肌大范围的缺血坏死,在经过漫长治疗期,最终获得了痊愈,现报告总结如下。

临床资料

病例1,男性,24岁,L2爆裂骨折,伤后第2天在全身麻醉下行L2爆裂骨折牵引复位,经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定术,固定节段L1、L2、L3,手术顺利,未放置引流,手术时间90min,术中出血约40ml。术后第2天开始腰背肌功能锻炼,第3天支具保护下下地活动,第5天出院。术后2周切口渗出。查体:体温36.8℃,否认术后发热史,腰背部左侧L3手术穿刺切口有渗出,切口周围肿胀,局部有轻度压痛,右侧切口愈合良好。入院诊断:切口感染。局麻下行L3手术穿刺切口敞开引流,切口长约1.5CM,创口周围肿胀,撑开深筋膜引流出约20ml淡红黏稠脓液,送实验室细菌培养,冲洗放置皮片引流包扎;给予3代头孢静脉抗感染治疗,双氧水、盐水冲洗换药,每日2次,渗出较多,敷料浸湿,观察1周切口渗出仍未减少。实验室检查排除了切口感染的可能(见表1),停用抗生素。全麻下行清创术,术中见椎旁肌缺血坏死,色灰白,质脆,扩大切口,彻底清创,清理出坏死的椎旁肌约50ml,探查见钉棒稳定无松动,切口内置入VSD负压冲洗装置,封闭切口,术后每日3000ml生理盐水持续负压冲洗引流。术后诊断:腰椎微创术后椎旁肌缺血坏死。1周后再次全麻下探查,取出切口内置入的VSD装置,见椎旁肌仍有局部坏死,再次清创,清理出坏死的椎旁肌约15ml,切口内置入VSD负压冲洗装置,封闭切口,术后每日3000ml生理盐水持续负压冲洗引流。1周后再次全麻下探查,取出切口内置入的VSD装置,见椎旁软组织肉芽新鲜,触之出血,内置入的钉棒稳定,无松动,闭合切口,由于椎旁肌坏死留有较大的死腔,放置引流管。术后留置引流管1周,引流液从100ml渐减少至20ml,拔除引流管。观察4周引流管口反复破溃排液,B超检查见切口深部残腔积液约50ml;全麻下行内固定取出术(距离第1骨折固定手术已达2个月余),术中见椎旁残腔2CM×3CM大小,放置引流管,观察5d引流液从50ml渐减少,拔除引流管,继续观察1周切口拆线愈合良好,于入院10周后痊愈出院。

病例2,男性,58岁,L4滑脱MeyerdingⅡ度,入院第2天,全麻下Quadrant通道系统辅助下MISTLIF、经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定术,手术时间3h,术中出血约200ml。术后第2天引流量10ml,拔除引流管。术后第5天发现引流管口渗液较多,为淡红色液体,右侧手术切口肿胀显著,压痛明显,拆开缝线,切口内淡红色液体涌出约100ml,渗液内见大量白色絮状沉淀,VSD负压装置封闭切口,术后每日1000ml生理盐水间断负压冲洗引流,每天引流液中絮状沉淀较多,实验室检查排除了切口感染的可能(见表1)。冲洗1周后,在全麻下行手术右侧切口清创,术中见椎旁肌肿胀青紫,局部发白、质脆,刺激无收缩呈现缺血样改变,扩大切口,彻底清创,清理出坏死的椎旁肌约80ml,死腔较大,取出右侧固定椎弓根螺钉,切口内置入VSD负压冲洗装置,封闭切口,术后每日3000ml生理盐水持续负压冲洗引流。1周后再次全麻下探查,取出切口内置入的VSD装置,见椎旁肌仍有局部坏死,再次清创,清理出坏死的椎旁肌约10ml,切口内置入VSD负压冲洗装置,封闭切口,术后每日3000ml生理盐水持续负压冲洗引流。1周后再次全麻下探查,取出切口内置入的VSD装置,见椎旁软组织肉芽新鲜,触之出血,闭合切口,由于椎旁肌坏死留有较大的死腔,放置引流管。术后留置引流管5d,引流液从100ml渐减少到10ml,拔除引流管。继续观察1周切口拆线愈合良好,于入院6周后痊愈出院。



讨论

近40年来,MISS伴随着手术器械高精技术、生物计算机技术、数码成像技术以及人工智能化技术发展,取得了令人瞩目的发展,未来MISS将有更为广阔的应用前景。PPS和通道辅助下MIS-TLIF作为国内外比较主流的微创手术方式,以其手术创伤小、出血少、恢复快;皮肤切口小、瘢痕小、外形更美观;住院时间短、可降低医疗费用;以及疾病复发时容易补救的特点,受到了广大患者的追捧。但是,应该清楚认识到微创技术并不能完全取代传统的开放手术,也不能解决外科中所有的问题;其次手术风险以及并发症,选择合适的病例才是脊柱微创手术成功的关键;尤其脊柱外科医生对技术熟悉程度和技巧,自身的经验,在早期手术操作中具有发生并发症的潜在风险,还有许多问题需要去思考和解决。
笔者通过PubMed、中文万方、维普、CNKI数据库文献检索,未发现脊柱微创术后椎旁肌缺血坏死的临床报告。分析原因,MISS临床开展时间不长,积累病例有限;其次,作为不良事件,不愿意去总结报道。

2例患者出现椎旁肌大范围的缺血坏死,总结整理临床特点如下:(1)青壮年,长期参加生产劳动,腰背肌发达。(2)切口过小,通道扩张对椎旁肌挤压过大,MIS-TLIF手术操作时间较长,对椎旁肌挤压过久。(3)术后第2天患者过早开始下地活动。(4)例1未放置引流,例2放置的引流管不畅,术后切口周围肿胀显著,压力较高,疼痛明显。(5)清创术中见到切口周围椎旁肌成束坏死,发白、质脆无血运。(6)整个病程中患者无高热史,实验室检查白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、血沉无明显异常,多次细菌培养均阴性。(7)多次清创VSD负压冲洗引流后,创口肉芽新鲜,但是椎旁肌坏死留下的残腔,渗液较多,拔出引流管后反复从引流管口破溃渗出,在取出内固定螺钉后,渗液吸收,创口愈合。

出现椎旁肌缺血坏死的原因分析:(1)全麻术中肌松差,切口小,长时间通道扩张牵拉造成椎旁肌缺血,以及手术结束后缺血再灌注损伤。(2)术后引流不畅,以及早期腰背肌康复锻炼,造成切口积液软组织肿胀,局部压力持续性增大,形成肌筋膜室综合征。(3)解剖学分析:脊神经后支的解剖特点决定了其易受机械刺激,关节突外缘牵拉、剥离,脊神经后支主干和外侧支极易被损伤,导致背深层肌肉的失神经,多节段损伤失去侧支神经营养,严重者可以发生椎旁筋膜间室综合征。本文报道的2例患者出现椎旁肌缺血坏死,笔者推测是椎旁筋膜间室综合征发生的后果。

出现椎旁肌缺血坏死的处理经验:(1)病初考虑切口感染,给予头孢抗生素静脉输液,随着实验室抽血化验检查,渗出物细菌培养排除了切口感染的可能,停止使用抗生素。(2)在全麻下彻底的多次清创VSD负压吸引,每日3000ml生理盐水冲洗,保持引流液清亮,使继续坏死组织得以充分的引流,促进创面肉芽组织的生长。(3)在创口肉芽组织新鲜后,残腔的渗出处理,选择了留置引流,渗液持续不断,拔除引流管后反复破溃渗出,在等待3个月骨折或滑脱稳定后,果断拔除内固定螺钉,创口愈合。

出现椎旁肌缺血坏死的思考:(1)微创技术应用于脊柱外科,其潜在的分险比开放手术较大,同时,由于术者学习曲线的原因,开展微创技术的初期并发症要高于传统开放手术。(2)脊柱微创外科技术,其手术方式、手术器械基本根据西方人体质设计,与国人体质相符手术方式的创新以及手术器械的革新相对欠缺。

原始出处:

薛文,王栋,杨阳,王增平,刘林,钱耀文.脊柱微创术后椎旁肌缺血坏死2例[J].中国骨伤,2018,31(11):1046~1048

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    2019-05-16 lqvr
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2049625, encodeId=63a32049625ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f22628e13a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎旁肌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62871, encryptionId=7f22628e13a, topicName=椎旁肌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aea0290, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Thu May 16 00:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805948, encodeId=434d1805948d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=99fbe93492d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血坏死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79349, encryptionId=99fbe93492d, topicName=缺血坏死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Wed Aug 07 21:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1810307, encodeId=bd4d181030ef0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0f6884529ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱微创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84529, encryptionId=0f6884529ea, topicName=脊柱微创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Fri Feb 15 02:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1317043, encodeId=8269131e04393, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=df8950505a2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50505, encryptionId=df8950505a2, topicName=微创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=644e456, createdName=vera_1203, createdTime=Sat Dec 15 08:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362925, encodeId=84c7136292516, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b723414321c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#坏死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41432, encryptionId=b723414321c, topicName=坏死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0e3195, createdName=millore, createdTime=Sat Dec 15 08:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-15 vera_1203
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2049625, encodeId=63a32049625ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f22628e13a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎旁肌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62871, encryptionId=7f22628e13a, topicName=椎旁肌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aea0290, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Thu May 16 00:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805948, encodeId=434d1805948d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=99fbe93492d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血坏死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79349, encryptionId=99fbe93492d, topicName=缺血坏死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Wed Aug 07 21:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1810307, encodeId=bd4d181030ef0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0f6884529ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱微创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84529, encryptionId=0f6884529ea, topicName=脊柱微创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Fri Feb 15 02:22:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1317043, encodeId=8269131e04393, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=df8950505a2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50505, encryptionId=df8950505a2, topicName=微创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=644e456, createdName=vera_1203, createdTime=Sat Dec 15 08:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362925, encodeId=84c7136292516, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b723414321c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#坏死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41432, encryptionId=b723414321c, topicName=坏死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0e3195, createdName=millore, createdTime=Sat Dec 15 08:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-12-15 millore

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