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Science:重大突破!利用CAAR-T细胞疗法靶向治疗自身免疫疾病

2016-07-04 佚名 生物谷 Bioon.com

在一项新的研究中,来自美国、意大利和瑞士的研究人员发现一种方法将导致自身免疫疾病的一部分制造抗体的B细胞清除,同时不会伤害免疫系统其余部分。他们研究的一种自身免疫疾病被称作寻常性天疱疮(pemphigus vulgaris, PV),在这种疾病中,病人自己的免疫细胞攻击一种在正常条件下将皮肤细胞粘附在一起的被称作桥粒芯蛋白-3(desmoglein-3, Dsg3)的蛋白。相关研究结果于2

在一项新的研究中,来自美国、意大利和瑞士的研究人员发现一种方法将导致自身免疫疾病的一部分制造抗体的B细胞清除,同时不会伤害免疫系统其余部分。他们研究的一种自身免疫疾病被称作寻常性天疱疮(pemphigus vulgaris, PV),在这种疾病中,病人自己的免疫细胞攻击一种在正常条件下将皮肤细胞粘附在一起的被称作桥粒芯蛋白-3(desmoglein-3, Dsg3)的蛋白。相关研究结果于2016年6月30日在线发表在Science期刊上,论文标题为“Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease”。

当前的自身免疫疾病治疗药物,如强的松和利妥昔单抗,抑制免疫系统大部分,让病人容易患上潜在致命性的机会性感染和癌症。

研究人员证实利用他们的新技术,他们成功地治疗了PV模式小鼠所患的这种致命性的自身免疫疾病,同时没有明显的能够伤害健康组织的脱靶效应。

论文共同通信作者、宾夕法尼亚大学皮肤病学副教授Aimee S. Payne博士说,“这是一种强效的策略只靶向导致自身免疫疾病的免疫细胞,同时不会伤害保护我们免受感染的好的免疫细胞。”

Payne和另一名论文共同通信作者、宾夕法尼亚大学病理学与实验室医学助理教授Michael C. Milone博士对一种大有希望的抗癌策略---T细胞经基因修饰后摧毁某些白血病和淋巴瘤中的恶性肿瘤细胞---加以改进。

Milone说,“我们的研究为将这种抗癌技术应用于治疗一系列疾病---包括自身免疫疾病和移植排斥---铺平道路。”

这种新的治疗策略的关键之处在于识别靶细胞的被称作嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor, CAR)的人工受体,而且在经过基因修饰后,病人T细胞能够表达这种CAR。在人体临床试验中,科学家们通过一种类似透析的过程提取出病人体内的一些T细胞,然后在实验室对它们进行基因修饰,将编码这种CAR的基因导入,这样这些T细胞就能够表达这种新的受体。这些经过基因修饰的T细胞在实验室进行增殖,随后将它们灌注回病人体内。这些T细胞利用它们表达的CAR受体结合到靶细胞表面上的分子,而这种结合触发一种内部信号产生,接着这种内部信号如此强效地激活这些T细胞以至于它们快速地摧毁靶细胞。

这种基本的CAR T细胞疗法(CAR-T)概念在二十世纪八十年代晚期首次被人们提出作为一种抗癌策略,但是技术上的挑战阻止着将它转化为临床上成功的疗法。然而,从2011年以来,用于治疗B细胞白血病和淋巴瘤---在这两种癌症中,病人的健康B细胞变成癌细胞---的实验性CAR-T细胞疗法在所有标准疗法都不能够治疗好的一些病人体内取得成功。

产生抗体的B细胞也能够导致自身免疫疾病。Payne一直在研究自身免疫疾病。几年前,她实验室的一名博士后研究员Christoph T. Ellebrecht博士有兴趣利用CAR-T技术作为一种潜在地治疗B细胞相关性自身免疫疾病的方法。不久之后,Payne实验室与研究CAR-T技术的Milone实验室合作,希望发现一种强效的新方法治疗这些疾病。

Milone说,“我们认为我们能够对这种高效地杀死体内所有癌变的B细胞的技术进行改造以便特异性靶向导致自身免疫疾病的制造抗体的B细胞。”

Payne注意到,“只靶向导致自身免疫疾病的这些B细胞一直是这个领域的最高治疗目标。”

一种疾病特异性更强的受体

在这项新的研究中,研究人员研究了寻常性天疱疮(PV)。当未接受治疗时,PV导致广泛性皮肤水泡,而且几乎总是致命性的,但是在最近几十年内,这种疾病能够通过强的松、吗替麦考酚酯和利妥昔单抗等广泛免疫抑制药物加以治疗。

为了治疗PV同时又不导致广泛性的免疫抑制,研究人员设计出一种CAR类型的人工受体,它将指导病人T细胞只攻击产生有害的抗Dsg3抗体的B细胞。同时,他们对提取出的T细胞进行基因修饰,让它们表达这种人工受体。

研究人员设计出的这种人工受体被称作嵌合自身抗体受体(chimeric autoantibody receptor, CAAR),它呈现自身抗原Dsg3的片段,也就是导致PV的抗体和产生这些抗体的B细胞通常结合的同样的片段,而这一点Payne实验室和其他人在之前的研究中已证实过。这种人工受体起着一种诱饵的作用,诱导靶向结合Dsg3的B细胞结合,从而让它们与这些治疗性的T细胞进行致命性的接触。

通过测试很多种变异体,研究人员最终发现一种在体外培养的细胞中发挥良好作用的人工受体,能够让经过基因修饰的宿主T细胞高效地破坏产生抗桥粒芯蛋白抗体的B细胞。这些经过基因修饰的T细胞也在PV模式小鼠体内取得成功,杀死桥粒芯蛋白特异性的B细胞,并且阻止这些小鼠产生皮肤水泡和其他自身免疫疾病症状。

Payne说,“我们能够证实这种疗法杀死所有Dsg3特异性的B细胞。这是这种方法有效的一种概念验证。”

T细胞疗法能够受到很多因素的影响。但是在这些实验中,这些经过基因修饰的T细胞维持它们的强效性,并不受到存在可能结合它们表达的人工受体的抗Dsg3抗体的影响。此外,也没有迹象表明这些经过基因修饰的T细胞通过攻击小鼠体内错误的靶细胞而导致副作用产生。

如今,研究人员计划在狗中测试这一疗法,其中狗也会患上PV,而且经常死于这种疾病。Payne说,“如果我们能够利用这种技术安全地治疗患上PV的狗,那么它可能是兽医的一大突破,而且将有望为在PV患者体内开展这种疗法的临床试验铺平道路。”

研究人员也希望利用CAAR T细胞(CAAR-T)技术治疗其他类型的自身免疫疾病。让器官移植复杂化的免疫排斥通常需要病人长期服用免疫抑制药物,也可能能够利用这种CAAR T细胞技术加以治疗。

Payne说,“如果你能够鉴定出你想要靶向攻击的B细胞的一种特异性的标志物,那么在原则上,这种策略能够发挥作用。”

原始出处:

Ellebrecht CT, Bhoj VG, Nace A, Choi EJ, Mao X, Cho MJ, Di Zenzo G, Lanzavecchia A, Seykora JT, Cotsarelis G, Milone MC, Payne AS. Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease. Science. 2016 Jun 30. pii: aaf6756.

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    2016-09-14 ylzr123

    好文,值得学习,赞!

    0

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    2016-07-10 oo902

    car-t很有前景

    0

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    2016-07-05 jichang
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    2016-07-05 huangdf
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