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灾难性抗磷脂综合征的临床诊治进展

2016-03-09 佚名 中华全科医师杂志

抗磷脂综合征(antiphospholipid syndrome,APS)是一种以反复动静脉血栓形成、习惯性流产和血小板减少为主要临床特征,伴持续性血清抗磷脂抗体(antiphospholipid antibodies,aPL)阳性的非炎症系统性自身免疫病。灾难性抗磷脂综合征(catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome,CAPS)是APS的一种特殊类型,临床罕见、

抗磷脂综合征(antiphospholipid syndrome,APS)是一种以反复动静脉血栓形成、习惯性流产和血小板减少为主要临床特征,伴持续性血清抗磷脂抗体(antiphospholipid antibodies,aPL)阳性的非炎症系统性自身免疫病。灾难性抗磷脂综合征(catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome,CAPS)是APS的一种特殊类型,临床罕见、病情急骤、死亡率高,该病由Asherson于1992年指出,又称为Asherson综合征、爆发性抗磷脂综合征、恶性抗磷脂综合征。

近半数患者以CAPS首发起病,其余的存在APS病史,在短期内(数天至数周)即可进展至多器官功能衰竭而死亡,死亡率为30%~50%,复发率3.2%。据统计,CAPS患者中女性为主,大约占72%,年龄在11~60岁间,平均年龄为(37±14)岁,最常见诱发因素为感染(22%),其次为手术(10%),抗凝不足或抗凝终止(8%),药物(7%),肥胖(7%),肿瘤(5%)。患者大多合并自身免疫性疾病,45%的患者合并系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)或狼疮样综合征,其他少见的还有系统性硬化病、皮肌炎、克罗恩病、血管炎等,大约占9%。

临床表现:CAPS的临床表现主要表现为两方面:多脏器血栓事件的表现及全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的表现。

CAPS可累及多脏器、系统,其血栓形成最常见于腹腔脏器,如肾脏、肾上腺、脾脏等,主要表现为腹痛。

据统计患者首发的临床症状中,肾脏受累相关症状仅占18%,肺脏占24%,中枢神经系统占18%,但在整个CAPS病程中最终有71%患者出现肾损害,肾梗死罕见,极少死于肾衰竭;病程中大约64%患者出现呼吸衰竭,以急性呼吸窘迫和肺栓塞最常见;62%患者出现中枢神经系统受累症状,临床可表现为精神状态改变、嗜睡、头痛、定位性神经障碍和癫痫发作等,也可表现为以爆发性脑病为特点的急性器质性脑病;51%的患者出现心脏受累,主要表现为心力衰竭、心肌梗死、瓣膜损害。有研究显示瓣膜病变与脑梗死明显相关。

此外CAPS还可累及皮肤、肠道、肝脏、胰腺、视网膜、外周神经系统及骨髓等,与传统APS相比,CAPS更易合并严重的血小板减少甚至致命性大出血。

SIRS常伴随CAPS发生,考虑与CAPS患者体内大量组织破坏形成的内源性免疫炎性因子有关。

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