AJCN：水果蔬菜能够显著减少肾癌发生风险

    有关水果蔬菜能否预防肾细胞癌争议尤来以久，虽在有一些研究认为二者无关，往往是因为样本人群选择存在偏倚所致。目前更多的研究（大样本，长期随访）结果认为确实可以降低肾细胞癌。最新一项在美国人群中的登记研究，针对NIH-AARP饮食和健康研究，跟踪了多达491841人，通过调查其人口学资料，饮食，生活方式，以及病史，其中发生肾透明细胞癌患者1816例，并平均随访超过9年。结果发现，纤维素饮食能够显著降低肾透明细胞癌风险15-20%。吃豆类，全谷物，十字花科蔬菜也能下降肾透明细胞癌16-18%。

　　早在瑞典的科研人员在2005年调查结果显示：大多数包含有多种多样水果蔬菜在内的食谱能够帮助人们远离肾癌。该研究针对了6万多名年龄在40-76岁之间妇女的饮食，并且进行长达13的跟踪记录。

　　在进行了年龄、体重、吸烟史等因素的考虑之后，他们发现水果蔬菜的摄入量越大，患病的发病几率就越低。例如，每天吃6到8根香蕉的人比完全不吃的人患肾癌的风险几率要小将近一半。

　　同样，有规律的进食胡萝卜等跟类植物也会降低50%-65%的患病风险。研究人员认为，香蕉等水果蔬菜中大量含有一种特殊的抗氧化性的化合物，叫做酚醛塑料，这种物质具有很强抑制肿瘤形成的功能，因此被认为是此类食物具有抗癌作用的原因。

　　肾癌无论体积大小，约80%的患者早期可无任何症状，常到肿瘤体积很大时才被发现。病人可出现发热、乏力和体重减轻等全身症状。多年来血尿、疼痛、肿块被称为“肾癌三症状”，但这三大症状不会同时出现。有些患者肾脏原发癌灶很小，无泌尿系或肾内症状，却首先表现出远处转移癌的症状。如发现患者腋下、腹部肿块，为找原发病灶才发现为肾癌。所以及时的了解肾癌的预防是非常重要的。

有关水果与蔬菜与肾细胞癌发生的关系的近十年的重要研究：

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Brock KE, Ke L, Gridley G, Chiu BC, Ershow AG, Lynch CF, Graubard BI, Cantor KP.Fruit, vegetables, fibre and micronutrients and risk of US renal cell carcinoma. Br J Nutr. 2012 Sep 28;108(6):1077-85

Bertoia M, Albanes D, Mayne ST, Männistö S, Virtamo J, Wright ME.No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma.Int J Cancer. 2010 Mar 15;126(6):1504-12.

Lee JE, Männistö S, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, English DR, Flood A, Freudenheim JL, Giles GG, Giovannucci E, Håkansson N, Horn-Ross PL, Jacobs EJ, Leitzmann MF, Marshall JR, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Rohan TE, Ross JA, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Virtamo J, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA.Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Jun;18(6):1730-9.

Grieb SM, Theis RP, Burr D, Benardot D, Siddiqui T, Asal NR.Food groups and renal cell carcinoma: results from a case-control study.J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Apr;109(4):656-67.

Lee JE, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Albanes D, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cho E, English DR, Freudenheim JL, Giles GG, Graham S, Horn-Ross PL, Håkansson N, Leitzmann MF, Männistö S, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Parker AS, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Schouten LJ, Sweeney C, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA.Fat, protein, and meat consumption and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Dec 3;100(23):1695-706

Bosetti C, Rossi M, McLaughlin JK, Negri E, Talamini R, Lagiou P, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, LaVecchia C.Flavonoids and the risk of renal cell carcinoma.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Jan;16(1):98-101

Lee JE, Giovannucci E, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Curhan GC.Intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids and risk of renal cell cancer.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Dec;15(12):2445-52

Weikert S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Becker N, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Arvaniti A, Kassapa C, Trichoupoulou A, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Ljungberg B, Hallmans G, Berglund G, Wirfält E, Pera G, Dorronsoro M, Gurrea AB, Navarro C, Martinez C, Quirós JR, Allen N, Roddam A, Bingham S, Jenab M, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E.Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC).Int J Cancer. 2006 Jun 15;118(12):3133-9

van Dijk BA, Schouten LJ, Kiemeney LA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA.Vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results from the Netherlands cohort study.Int J Cancer. 2005 Nov 20;117(4):648-54

Rashidkhani B, Lindblad P, Wolk A.Fruits, vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a prospective study of Swedish women.Int J Cancer. 2005 Jan 20;113(3):451-5