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术后出现并发症,谁来承担法律责任?

2016-04-19 苏月 健康界

卷首语:无论从医学角度还是法律角度来说,并发症都是较为复杂的一个问题,单而从法律角度来看,并发症会涉及到医疗机构过错认定和医疗损害赔偿等诸多法律问题。笔者作为一名整形外科医生,深感很多医疗纠纷就是因医疗机构或患者对并发症及并发症产生的原因、责任的误读而导致的。出现并发症就是手术失败吗?普通外科出现并发症,容易得到患者及家属的理解,但在医美领域,因求美者消费心理诉求和医美所涉医疗行为的特殊性,加

卷首语:无论从医学角度还是法律角度来说,并发症都是较为复杂的一个问题,单而从法律角度来看,并发症会涉及到医疗机构过错认定和医疗损害赔偿等诸多法律问题。笔者作为一名整形外科医生,深感很多医疗纠纷就是因医疗机构或患者对并发症及并发症产生的原因、责任的误读而导致的。

出现并发症就是手术失败吗?

普通外科出现并发症,容易得到患者及家属的理解,但在医美领域,因求美者消费心理诉求和医美所涉医疗行为的特殊性,加之部分医美机构在医美手术前沟通、告知不充分等问题,整形外科出现并发症往往不被求美者接受,甚至会被认为是手术失败的表现。那么整形手术出现术后并发症,医美机构、医生就要承担法律责任呢?出现并发症就是医生手术失败吗?

笔者认为,目前确有一些不法者利用并发症进行“医闹”,甚至恐吓、打击报复整形医生和医美机构,当然医美机构和整形医生更要充分了解并发症以及并发症所导致的责任在法律上是如何界定的,何种原因导致的并发症责任不在医方,作为一名天天拿着手术刀的外科医生,我们要善用法律武器来保护自己,同时也为理性、合法的解决医疗纠纷提供可参考的法律依据。

医美手术后并发症的特殊性你注意到了吗?

诚如前面所说因并发症是一个复杂的临床医学概念,目前国内学者对并发症的定义大致有以下两种:一种是指一种疾病在发展过程中引起另一种疾病或症状的发生,后者即为前者的并发症;另一种并发症是指在诊疗护理过程中,病人由患一种疾病合并发生了与这种疾病有关的另一种或几种疾病。笔者认为上述两种定义方式仅可从一定层面阐释整形术后并发症的含义,但仍无法突出整形术后并发症的特性,整形术后并发症多体现为求美者术后出现的不正常症状,但该等不正常症状不能与手术失败、整形机构过错画等号,根据原卫生部《医疗美容服务管理办法》第二条的规定,医疗美容是指运用手术、药物、医疗器械以及其他具有创伤性或者侵入性的医学技术方法对人的容貌和人体各部位形态进行的修复与再塑。

因此,笔者认为无论是医美过程中的修复还是再塑,因医疗行为本身所具有的创伤性或者侵入性均有可能产生并发症,只要在当时的医疗技术水平和条件下,医疗机构尽到了合理注意的义务,就不应该认定医疗机构存在过错,而认定医疗机构有无违反合理注意义务,应主要依据法律、法规、规章和诊疗操作规范所规定的义务,并可适当考虑医疗机构的资质、医务人员的知识、技能等相应的专业、资质及地区差异等因素,需要特别说明的是,医疗机构违反告知义务,给求美者造成人身损害的,应当承担相应的赔偿责任。

医美领域的并发症分类

医美领域的并发症分为可以避免的和难以避免的两类,可以避免的并发症是指医疗机构在为求美者进行诊疗行为中,凭借现代医学科学技术能够预见,并通过尽到合理注意义务可以避免的并发症。难以避免的并发症是指没有任何过错的情况下却不能避免不能防范的后果,对于后者医疗机构不承担责任。

为了说明这一问题,笔者举个例子,比如削骨整形后出血诱发癫痫,该求美者已经被上海第九人民医院诊断为继发癫痫,为什么会继发癫痫呢?答案是失血性休克导致缺氧,继而脑细胞死亡形成瘢痕,瘢痕牵拉周围神经元异常放电即癫痫,这下大家知道了癫痫的发病原因,相信都可以判断出是属于哪一类并发症了。

法律上一般如何判断并发症的医疗过错呢?

1.医务人员是否尽到风险预见义务

法律认为,医务人员作为掌握医疗知识与技能的专业人士,对所在领域医疗风险应具有合理的预见能力和预见义务,因此该合理注意义务,在术前一般表现为对将要实施的手术等诊疗行为应具有合理的风险预见义务,同时并发症一般情况下是可以预见的,如外切眼袋过程去皮过多,造成睑外翻、睑球分离,发生这种情况,当然属于医生应当预见而未能预见的,构成医疗过失,医疗机构要承担相应的法律责任。

2.医务人员是否尽到风险告知义务

风险告知根据具体诊疗行为的不同,一般需伴随着诊疗、护理、术后康复的全过程,也体现了医疗行为特殊性,同时也是保护医务人员与求美者权益的有效措施,当然告知并不等于免责,告知更多的是一种责任。《执业医师法》第二十六条规定,医师应当如实向患者或者其家属介绍病情。《侵权责任法》第五十五条规定,医务人员在诊疗活动中应当向患者说明病情和医疗措施。需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的,医务人员应当及时向患者说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案等情况,并取得其书面同意。

就整形手术而言,因该诊疗行为的特殊性,因此要求医疗机构需更为全面、准确、真实的告知医疗风险及替代性医疗方案,且不可为某种特定商业目的而脱离诊疗实际,不顾手术适应症等,忽略告知义务而盲目实施手术。如膨体隆鼻,会有假体排异的可能,若未能尽到此义务,则可以认定其违反了法定的告知义务而构成医疗过错。

3.医务人员是否尽到风险回避义务

笔者需要说明的是,这里提到的风险回避并非风险规避,风险回避更多的是要求医务人员采取必要、谨慎、合理的措施来有效防控术后并发症的出现,在法律上可解释为一种积极的作为义务,医务人员应尽到与当时医疗水平及诊疗手段相适应的风险回避义务,即医务人员采取了相应的诊疗措施以尽可能避免并发症的发生。并发症的相对可避免性决定了在一定条件下,只要医务人员加以充分的注意并采取积极有效的防范措施,并发症在一定程度上是可以避免的,反之将可能导致医疗过错。

4.医务人员是否尽到医疗救治义务

在并发症发生后,医务人员是否采取积极的治疗措施以防止损害后果的扩大,一个真实的案例,在腋下切口假体隆胸术后,第二天换药时发现腋下张贴敷料处有水泡,因为处理方法的不得当,二十多天后水泡处留下一个红色的、突出的、质硬的瘢痕,为此医调委介入,因为医疗机构有一定的责任,最后医院赠送一些皮肤科的项目双方达成和解。

基于以上分析和总结,笔者认为美容整形外科医师不仅要有理论知识与丰富的实践能力,还要对并发症及并发症产生的原因、预防措施、法律风险控制手段有所掌握,这样才不至于让自己的职业蒙上所谓“手术失败”的阴影,让我们的医美天空更蓝、心更加敞亮!

(作者:苏月,整形外科医生,十余年整形外科临床经验。毕业于大连医科大学,曾任职于上海大型民营整形医院及上海三甲医院整形外科等专业整形机构。)

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    2016-10-05 榄枷檬

    不仅要有理论知识与丰富的实践能力,还要对并发症及其产生的原因、预防措施、法律风险控制手段有所掌握,这样才不至于让自己的职业蒙上所谓“手术失败”的阴影,让我们的医美天空更蓝、心更加敞亮!向全能型人才进军!

    0

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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79710, encodeId=edd4e9710ea, content=整形的风险很多人不知道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbd11668261, createdName=小猫cathy, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 21:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757706, encodeId=af031e5770640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-18 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

  3. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Aug 18 15:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83431, encodeId=20de8343124, content=讲得好,手术并发症的风险管控是一门学问,手术医生要学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f5b11304786, createdName=ljh0111, createdTime=Sun May 01 00:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79723, encodeId=262fe9723bd, content=媒体每天不知道宣传点正经的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79710, encodeId=edd4e9710ea, content=整形的风险很多人不知道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbd11668261, createdName=小猫cathy, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 21:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757706, encodeId=af031e5770640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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    2016-08-18 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

  4. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79710, encodeId=edd4e9710ea, content=整形的风险很多人不知道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbd11668261, createdName=小猫cathy, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 21:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757706, encodeId=af031e5770640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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    2016-08-18 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

  5. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Aug 18 15:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83431, encodeId=20de8343124, content=讲得好,手术并发症的风险管控是一门学问,手术医生要学习。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f5b11304786, createdName=ljh0111, createdTime=Sun May 01 00:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79723, encodeId=262fe9723bd, content=媒体每天不知道宣传点正经的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79710, encodeId=edd4e9710ea, content=整形的风险很多人不知道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbd11668261, createdName=小猫cathy, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 21:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757706, encodeId=af031e5770640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Tue Feb 28 10:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79684, encodeId=e6a7e968469, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79683, encodeId=92d1e968316, content=考验能力的时候, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-01 ljh0111

    讲得好,手术并发症的风险管控是一门学问,手术医生要学习。

    0

  6. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79710, encodeId=edd4e9710ea, content=整形的风险很多人不知道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbd11668261, createdName=小猫cathy, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 21:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757706, encodeId=af031e5770640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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    2016-04-19 I come

    媒体每天不知道宣传点正经的

    0

  7. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79710, encodeId=edd4e9710ea, content=整形的风险很多人不知道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbd11668261, createdName=小猫cathy, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 21:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757706, encodeId=af031e5770640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Tue Feb 28 10:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79684, encodeId=e6a7e968469, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79683, encodeId=92d1e968316, content=考验能力的时候, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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    2016-04-19 小猫cathy

    整形的风险很多人不知道

    0

  8. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79710, encodeId=edd4e9710ea, content=整形的风险很多人不知道, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbd11668261, createdName=小猫cathy, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 21:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757706, encodeId=af031e5770640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-28 丁鹏鹏
  9. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Tue Feb 28 10:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79684, encodeId=e6a7e968469, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 19:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=79683, encodeId=92d1e968316, content=考验能力的时候, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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    2016-04-19 李继凯

    值得关注

    0

  10. 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    2016-04-19 李继凯

    考验能力的时候

    0

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