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杜怡峰:应重视阿尔茨海默病诊断的临床症状标志物

2018-07-17 |杜怡峰 ( 山东省立医院神经内科 ) 中华医学信息导报

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种中枢神经系统变性病,起病隐袭,病程呈慢性进行性,是老年期痴呆最常见的一种类型。主要表现为渐进性记忆障碍、理解力差、定向力丧失,伴幻觉、妄想、日常生活能力下降等。2011年美国国立衰老研究院和阿尔兹海默病协会(NIA-AA)诊断标准认为AD是一个包含轻度认知损害(MCI)在内的连续疾病过程,并将生物标志物纳入到AD的诊断标准当中,这其中“临床症状标志物”具有较重要的临床意义

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种中枢神经系统变性病,起病隐袭,病程呈慢性进行性,是老年期痴呆最常见的一种类型。主要表现为渐进性记忆障碍、理解力差、定向力丧失,伴幻觉、妄想、日常生活能力下降等。2011年美国国立衰老研究院和阿尔兹海默病协会(NIA-AA)诊断标准认为AD是一个包含轻度认知损害(MCI)在内的连续疾病过程,并将生物标志物纳入到AD的诊断标准当中,这其中“临床症状标志物”具有较重要的临床意义,应引起我们的重视。

(1)情景记忆:AD造成的病理改变早期首先累及内颞叶,而内颞叶与情景记忆的关系最为密切,因而AD很早期就出现情景记忆的损害。有关研究显示自由回忆和线索选择性提醒回忆测验是典型AD的有效证据;自由回忆缺陷在识别MCI向AD转变的特异性有92%。在5年的随访中发现,联合使用听觉词语学习测验、延迟回忆、韦氏成人智测工具其痴呆预测的敏感性为75%,特异性为74%。在10年的随访中,其痴呆预测的敏感性为78%,特异性为72%。

(2)主观记忆减退(SMC):SMC可能是 MCI 前阶段,易发展为 MCI 甚至痴呆的危险因素之一。研究认为,在正常人脑内的淀粉样蛋白的沉积与SMC有关,50岁以上的SMC患者中,1/3已经是MCI。

(3)轻度行为障碍(MBI):神经精神症状可以出现在痴呆的任何阶段,而MBI发生在痴呆前阶段,可伴有或不伴有MCI,能够预测痴呆的发生,提示痴呆进展速度。研究表明,冷漠是轻度行为障碍的一个重要组成部分,可用于认知障碍的早期诊断,MBI-C量表是AD早期诊断重要工具,包括:冷漠/逼迫感/动机; 情绪影响/焦虑;冲动控制能力/反馈调节;适应社会能力;想法/观念的转变。

(4)语言能力:AD的言语障碍与痴呆严重程度呈正相关。一项研究通过对81例AD患者进行氟脱氧葡萄糖-正电子体层扫描检测,发现语言识别记忆可能与内侧颞叶和双侧眶额叶皮质相关。一项正常人与AD患者的语言能力测试中,AD患者应用词语和词语分类的流畅程度均低于对照组。

(5)抑郁:抑郁是阿尔茨海默病常见的神经精神症状之一,在AD的早期阶段即可观察到,可作为早期识别AD的临床标志。据统计,AD患者随访12个月内的抑郁发病率约为13.29%。抑郁是阿尔茨海默病危险因素之一,增加AD患病风险,有抑郁症等情绪障碍病史的老年人未来发生AD的风险比正常老年人高2~5倍。

(6)视觉异常:研究发现在AD患者脑内发生的神经病理改变也出现在瞳孔、视网膜、晶状体、脉络膜、视神经等,而且视觉改变也出现在AD患者及动物模型中。另外,接受光刺激后瞳孔变化的程度与脑脊液中Aβ(1-42)的含量具有正相关性。AD患者瞳孔对光反射迟缓的原因可能与体内Aβ沉积有关。

(7)嗅觉改变:研究结果表明,与MCI-AD 组及MCI-稳定组相比,CCSI评分在MCI-路易体痴呆(DLB)组存在明显的降低。嗅觉障碍的出现是AD及DLB的早期 标 志 ,嗅 觉 功 能 检 查 可 以 帮 助预测MCI向AD或DLB的转换。

(8)执行能力:一项研究将MCI患者分为高级执行能力组和低级执行能力组。高级执行能力组的脑网络大小、密度和集聚系数要高于低级执行能力组。对于高级执行能力组脑网络的测量显示其具有更完整的白质纤维。

(9)步态受损:在一项包含1232个认知正常的个体的研究中,步态与认知存在明确的相关性。另外,一项横断面研究显示,脑内特别是与AD相关区域(颞叶)的Aβ沉积与各项步态参数的改变有明显的相关性。

总之,AD临床症状标志物是AD早期诊断的重要因素之一,也是将AD防治窗口的前移的关键环节。

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    2018-07-19 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-07-18 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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近期,来自康涅狄格大学的研究人员通过对此前多年的研究进行分析发现了大量的证据,即锻炼能够有效减缓阿尔兹海默病患者大脑认知功能的下降,相关研究刊登于国际杂志《Journal of the American Geriatrics Society》上。

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特文特大学的科学家利用“拉曼”光学技术,现在可以生成受阿尔茨海默病影响的脑组织图像。图像还包括周边区域,已经显示出变化。

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TREM2是小胶质细胞表明的一种受体,与阿茨海默病密切相关。携带TREM2特定突变的人患AD的风险高了五倍。近日,一项发表于Cell上的新研究发现,TREM2的高风险突变会导致小胶质细胞能量赤字。当这些细胞在能量亏空情况下工作时,它们无法保护神经元免受蛋白斑的损伤。

Radiology:基于MR成像的内嗅皮层视觉评分系统(ERICA评分)在诊断AD中的价值

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本月,NIA-AA提出了新的阿尔茨海默病研究框架,它与数十年来一直使用的方法不同。后者依赖于认知变化,如记忆丧失、空间感错乱、认知障碍等,新的框架则是基于对生物标志物的检测,以实现在症状出现之前判断疾病。

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