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Diabetes Care:糖尿病个体化饮食计划——ADA的全新建议

2019-05-03 国际糖尿病编辑部 国际糖尿病

近日,美国糖尿病协会(ADA)发布了有关营养治疗的新共识,强调临床医生需要为糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者制定个体化的饮食计划。共识强调,鉴于糖尿病及糖尿病前期所影响的人群非常广泛,文化背景、个人喜好、合并症及所生活的社会经济环境等存在较大差异,故一刀切的饮食计划对于糖尿病防治作用并不明显,糖尿病营养治疗的饮食计划需要坚持个体化。该新共识在ADA 2014 糖尿病营养管理指南基础上编写而成,已于201

近日,美国糖尿病协会(ADA)发布了有关营养治疗的新共识,强调临床医生需要为糖尿病糖尿病前期患者制定个体化的饮食计划。共识强调,鉴于糖尿病及糖尿病前期所影响的人群非常广泛,文化背景、个人喜好、合并症及所生活的社会经济环境等存在较大差异,故一刀切的饮食计划对于糖尿病防治作用并不明显,糖尿病营养治疗的饮食计划需要坚持个体化。

该新共识在ADA 2014 糖尿病营养管理指南基础上编写而成,已于2019年4月18日在线发表于Diabetes Care杂志。该共识参考并借鉴了2018年英国糖尿病协会的指导意见,认为营养治疗能够有效预防和控制糖尿病及其并发症,并增加了对糖尿病前期营养治疗的相关推荐。

这部共识的通讯作者、杜克大学饮食与健康中心的William S. Yancy Jr医生指出,证据表明多种不同的饮食策略(如低碳水化合物饮食、地中海饮食、低脂肪饮食及素食干预)均能有效治疗糖尿病,为医生及患者提供了诸多选择。临床实践中,医生也有必要了解和熟悉这些饮食策略,结合患者的需求进行个体化选择,从而最大限度地提高饮食干预的成功率。此外,该共识认为,饮食中的碳水化合物是影响血糖的最重要因素,适当减重则是糖尿病管理最有效的策略之一。鉴于营养治疗在糖尿病防治中发挥着重要作用,新共识强调,临床实践中医生应关注并强调营养治疗,营养治疗可单用也可与药物治疗联合应用。就饮食干预而言,最理想的情况是糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者集中参与饮食计划。就营养治疗及饮食干预而言,注册营养师应该在其中发挥不可或缺的作用,提供相应的营养咨询。概述而言,临床医生为糖尿病前期及糖尿病患者提供饮食指导意见时应强调多摄入非淀粉类蔬菜、最大限度减少添加糖(特别是含糖饮料)及精制谷物的摄入、鼓励多摄入未加工食品。

该共识的主要推荐更新要点如下

1、糖尿病营养治疗的有效性

①推荐1型及2型糖尿病患者在诊断时、后续需要时、健康状态发生变化时,接受个体化的糖尿病医学营养治疗(MNT)以实现治疗达标,MNT计划应与药物治疗、运动等综合管理策略相结合;②推荐根据国家标准将糖尿病患者转诊接受全面的糖尿病自我管理教育和支持(DSMES);③糖尿病MNT应由注册营养师来提供,且最好是在糖尿病管理方面知识和经验丰富者;④推荐糖尿病前期及超重患者参与强化生活方式干预计划,如糖尿病预防项目(DPP)或个体化的MNT;⑤推荐糖尿病MNT应被纳入医保,糖尿病前期的个体化MNT应被商业保险所覆盖。

2、有关宏量营养素

共识认为:①没有放之四海皆准的糖尿病患者及其高危人群的碳水化合物、蛋白质及脂肪理想供能百分比,其分布应根据现有饮食习惯、个人喜好、代谢目标等进行综合评估作出个体化的选择;②为糖尿病患者提供营养咨询时,应对当前膳食摄入量进行评估,然后就自我监测碳水化合物摄入做个体化指导以优化进餐时间及食物选择并指导用药及体力活动,从而促进血糖达标;③鼓励糖尿病患者及其高危人群,膳食纤维的摄入量应至少达到一般人群的推荐水平,并最好通过多摄入蔬菜、豆类、水果及粗粮或膳食补充剂增加膳食纤维摄入量,这将有助于在一定程度上降低糖化血红蛋白。

3、有关饮食模式

共识认为:①多种饮食模式均可用于治疗糖尿病;②在有关不同饮食模式益处对比分析证据出来前,应鼓励多摄入非淀粉类蔬菜,尽量减少添加糖及精制谷物的摄入,尽可能选择非加工或非深加工食品;③对于糖尿病患者而言,减少碳水化合物摄入是改善血糖最有证据支持的饮食干预措施,可根据患者个体的需求及喜好选择饮食模式;④对于血糖控制不达标及需要优选降糖药物治疗的2型糖尿病患者,采用低碳水化合物饮食或极低碳水化合物饮食来减少碳水化合物摄入也是可行的。

4、有关能量平衡与体重管理

共识认为:①包含个体化饮食计划的MNT及DSMES应减少能量摄入,并与增加体力活动联合进行,这将有助于减重、改善糖化血红蛋白、血管危险因素及生活质量;②对于未接受胰岛素治疗、健康素养较低、老年或容易发生低血糖的2型糖尿病患者而言,强调适当的饮食份量是实现血糖及体重管理简单而有效的一种方法; ③对于2型糖尿病患者而言,减重5%可带来临床获益,最佳的减重目标则是≥15%;对于糖尿病前期患者而言,减重目标则是7%~10%;④对于某些2型糖尿病患者而言,饮食计划可考虑与减肥药物和/或代谢手术联合应用以实现并维持减重,降低糖化血红蛋白及血管疾病风险;⑤对于2型糖尿病高危人群,在生活方式干预基础上可考虑联合减肥药物治疗以实现并维持7%~10%的减重目标;⑥体重正常的糖尿病前期患者,应考虑进行有氧运动及抗阻运动等生活方式干预,选择地中海饮食等健康饮食计划;⑦糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者在DSMES及MNT期间应进行相关筛查与评估,若出现饮食紊乱应考虑进行相应的营养治疗。

5、有关甜味剂

共识强调:①尽可能采用饮用水替代含糖饮料;②采用代糖来减少热量及碳水化合物摄入时,应避免通过其他食物摄入额外的热量。

6、有关饮酒

共识认为:①既往饮酒的糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者可适量饮酒(女性每天≤1杯,男性每天≤2杯);②有必要对糖尿病患者尤其是接受胰岛素或胰岛素促泌剂治疗者,进行相关教育使其了解饮酒后延迟性低血糖的症状及体征,并强调饮酒后血糖监测的重要性。

7、有关微量营养素、草药补充剂

共识认为:①不支持无潜在缺乏的糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者,常规补充多种维生素及矿物质;②推荐接受二甲双胍治疗的患者,每年进行维生素B12的评估并在缺乏时进行补充;③目前不支持糖尿病患者常规应用铬、维生素补充剂及其他中草药补充剂来改善血糖。

8、有关MNT与降糖药物

共识认为:①营养师在提供MNT时需对与营养治疗计划相关的用药变化进行评估和监测;②推荐1型糖尿病患者采用碳水化合物计数法行强化胰岛素治疗;③推荐采用每天固定剂量胰岛素治疗者,在考虑胰岛素作用时间的前提下,尽量使碳水化合物摄入量保持一致;④摄入混合餐时,胰岛素给药剂量应仅基于碳水化合物计数。

9、有关MNT在糖尿病并发症防治中的作用

共识认为:①一般来说采用不饱和脂肪替代饱和脂肪可降低总胆固醇及LDL-C,降低心血管风险;②对于2型糖尿病患者,采用碳水化合物含量较低、脂肪含量较高的食物替代碳水化合物含量较高的食物,有助于改善血糖、甘油三酯及HDL-C;其中应用不饱和脂肪而非饱和脂肪含量高的食物还有助于改善LDL-C;③鼓励糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者每日钠摄入量<2300 mg,每周至少吃两次鱼;④建议非透析的糖尿病肾病患者,每日膳食蛋白质摄入量<0.8 g/kg;⑤就防治轻瘫,应选择采用小粒径食物、积极纠正高血糖或是选择动态血糖监测和/或胰岛素泵治疗。

原始出处:
Alison B. Evert, Michelle Dennison, Christopher D. Gardner, et al. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2019 May.

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    2019-05-05 般若傻瓜
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    2019-05-05 zhouqu_8
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    2019-05-03 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

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