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听说过脑中风,“肠中风”是怎么回事?

2018-07-09 明明 医学界消化肝病频道

据报道,6月25日15时,70多岁的刘先生突然出现腹痛、腹泻、血便,他以为是肠胃炎,服用氟哌酸、黄连素等药物后非但不见好转,反而越来越重。到医院就诊,发现老人患的是缺血性结肠炎,也称“肠中风”。

据报道,6月25日15时,70多岁的刘先生突然出现腹痛、腹泻、血便,他以为是肠胃炎,服用氟哌酸、黄连素等药物后非但不见好转,反而越来越重。到医院就诊,发现老人患的是缺血性结肠炎,也称“肠中风”。

“肠中风”即缺血性结肠炎(ischemic colitis,IC),是由于各种原因引起的肠道急性或慢性血流灌注不良所致的肠壁缺血性疾病。IC已成为目前最常见的缺血性胃肠道损伤病变,是急性下消化道出血的最常见原因之一。随着人口老龄化,IC发病日益增多,常无特异的临床表现,常易误诊、漏诊。故应引起临床医生的注意。

流行病学

IC的临床表现多种多样,其预后也不一致。可发生于各年龄段,老年人更易患病,年龄越大患病率越高,女性发病率高于男性。由于部分患者一过性的病程未就诊及临床一定的误诊率,其发病率在一定程度上被低估。有报道其年发病率为(4.5~44)/10万人口,重症患者的死亡率>50%。
临床特点

腹痛、便血、腹泻是IC最常见的三个症状群,被称为“三联征”。其他少见的症状有恶心、呕吐、休克、腹胀、腹膜刺激征,仅表现为腹痛的病例容易误诊或漏诊,仅有直肠出血的患者预后更好,而有腹膜刺激征则预后不良,老年性IC可缺乏典型的临床表现而仅以腹泻为主要表现,此时更容易漏诊、延误治疗。IC可引起众多并发症,如肠穿孔、腹膜炎、持续出血、蛋白丢失、肠腔狭窄、甚至死亡等。

鉴别诊断

临床上IC主要需与各种功能性胃肠病、炎症性肠病、肠结核、Behcet’s综合征及结肠性肿瘤等疾病鉴别。在症状和体征方面,IC很少出现血便;肠结核多伴有低热、盗汗、消瘦等表现;Behcet’s综合征常有反复口腔、会阴溃疡和皮疹症状;结肠恶性肿瘤多有腹痛、体重减低、贫血表现。临床上最重要的是综合病史、症状、体征及医技检查结果进行分析,尤其是要结合结肠镜及病理学等检查对上述疾病进行鉴别。
 
IC容易被误诊为炎症性肠病。IC多见于中老年人,炎症性肠病多见于中青年人。IC具有症状消失快及内镜下黏膜改变恢复快的特点。IC与溃疡性结肠炎的区别在于直肠很少受累,而且病变黏膜与正常黏膜分界清楚,组织病理学检查显示黏膜组织坏死,具有纤维素性血栓和含铁血黄素沉着等特点 。



结肠镜下溃疡性结肠炎多从直肠开始,呈连续性、弥漫性分布,表现为:

① 黏膜血管纹理模糊、紊乱或消失,黏膜充血、水肿、质脆、自发或接触出血和脓性分泌物附着,亦常见黏膜粗糙、呈细颗粒状;

② 病变明显处可见弥漫性、多发性糜烂或溃疡;

③ 可见结肠袋变浅、变钝或消失以及假息肉、桥黏膜等 。
Crohn病镜下表现为节段性、非对称性各种黏膜炎性反应,其中具特征性的表现为非连续性病变、纵行溃疡和卵石样外观 。

误诊原因分析

IC误诊多和如下因素有关:

疾病早期表现不典型

最先出现腹泻伴恶心、呕吐,早期无腹痛、便血,易误诊为急性胃肠炎;出现黑便,易误诊为消化道溃疡伴出血;肛门触痛并指套血染,易误诊为肛裂;腹痛加近期体重降低,易误诊为结肠恶性肿瘤……上述情况的出现均与患者早期表现不典型有关。

对病因重视不够

以下病因可致本病,血管因素包括动脉栓塞、低血流状态、小血管病变及静脉阻塞等致血管狭窄而供血不足;肠管因素如便秘、泻药、灌肠、结肠镜检查及肠管狭窄等致肠腔内压力增高、肠壁内血流量减少;而冷饮、冰制品、大量饮酒刺激肠管蠕动增强及应激状态下交感神经兴奋,儿茶酚胺分泌增加,肠管血流减少及肠管运动增强也可致肠道缺血 。另外,休克、脱水及利尿剂使用等导致血容量不足亦可致IC发生……

由于部分接诊医生对本病病因和诱因不重视,在患者疾病进展过程中未能及时发现从而易引发误诊。

对该病认识不足

对腹痛患者而言,由于IC不是常见病、多发病,故临床医生往往不能将其纳入到鉴别诊断当中,同时由于门诊医师病史询问欠详细、查体不够仔细,均可以引起误诊。

未及时行必要医技检查

数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查是诊断IC的主要方法,但有时因为价格昂贵或医院不具备该项检查手段,从而不能及时诊断 。

避免误诊措施

1. 重视病史及吸烟史:仔细询问病史,尤其是高血压病、冠心病、动脉硬化症、心力衰竭和心房颤动等疾病史。要重视吸烟史,因为Sherid等认为有8.5%的IC患者在6年内复发,且目前吸烟状况和患有腹主动脉瘤被认为是IC复发的危险因素。

2. 注意询问发病诱因:有学者研究发现IC患者中有习惯性便秘者占44.2% ,说明便秘与IC的发病密切相关 。

3. 细致体格检查:认真细致进行体格检查,尤其是腹部查体,当患者出现症状和体征不一致的情况时,要考虑血管原因所致的疾病,提高对本病的认识和警惕性有助于早期诊断和减少误诊。

4. 及时进行肠镜检查:IC早期结肠镜检查很重要。临床上对有腹痛、便血等症状且伴有IC相关基础疾病及诱因的中老年患者,应争取在72h内完成结肠镜检查及黏膜活组织病理检查,这是早期诊断IC的关键 。出现腹部压痛及血白细胞升高、血红蛋白降低则提示IC患者肠道溃疡形成 。

5. 重视医技检查联合应用与分析:DSA检查是诊断IC的重要方法,但由于部分医院不具备此检查设备,故无法常规应用。有研究认为,联合应用血浆D二聚体检测和螺旋CT血管造影检查诊断缺血性肠病的灵敏度、特异度分别为90.00% 、83.33%。临床实践中,接诊医师应结合患者临床表现,合理选择、综合运用相关的诊断措施,以获得高效、准确的结果。

6. 综合病情分析很重要:随着心血管疾病发病率增加及社会人口老龄化,IC的发病率有增加趋势,临床医生应提高警惕,特别是门诊及急诊医生,对有相关心脑血管疾病及糖尿病的老年患者,出现突发的腹痛、腹泻、便血时,应高度怀疑本病可能。

夏天出汗多,人体水分通过汗液大量蒸发,血液粘稠度升高,达到一定程度时,可出现血凝倾向,引起缺血或血管堵塞,从而诱发缺血性结肠炎。临床上对急性腹痛、腹泻及便血患者,尤其是有动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病高血压病等基础疾病的老年患者要警惕IC的可能 。密切观察病情变化,结合症状、体征尽快完善结肠镜检查,综合分析病史、临床表现及各项检查结果,以减少误诊误治。

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    2018-09-03 331445697

    这个病历见过类似的,感谢分享!

    0

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    2018-07-10 busylazy

    腿中风了解一下

    0

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    2018-07-10 贾玉改

    学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342490, encodeId=83e5342490d5, content=这个病历见过类似的,感谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5361391298, createdName=331445697, createdTime=Mon Sep 03 20:08:49 CST 2018, time=2018-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330685, encodeId=fbf633068527, content=腿中风了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/06/23/37e4e361e5906156dbe2878394fce900.jpg, createdBy=00c476551, createdName=busylazy, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 22:21:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330592, encodeId=62ce3305923f, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/08/e17530940c09a90d4b2a20858a16f139.jpg, createdBy=84121967952, createdName=贾玉改, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 10:23:56 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330537, encodeId=bf7433053e66, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 07:22:54 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330531, encodeId=5bf333053149, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 10 06:44:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330467, encodeId=ca5133046e1b, content=学习一下谢谢.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Mon Jul 09 23:19:16 CST 2018, time=2018-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-10 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342490, encodeId=83e5342490d5, content=这个病历见过类似的,感谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5361391298, createdName=331445697, createdTime=Mon Sep 03 20:08:49 CST 2018, time=2018-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330685, encodeId=fbf633068527, content=腿中风了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/06/23/37e4e361e5906156dbe2878394fce900.jpg, createdBy=00c476551, createdName=busylazy, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 22:21:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330592, encodeId=62ce3305923f, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/08/e17530940c09a90d4b2a20858a16f139.jpg, createdBy=84121967952, createdName=贾玉改, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 10:23:56 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330537, encodeId=bf7433053e66, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 07:22:54 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330531, encodeId=5bf333053149, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 10 06:44:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330467, encodeId=ca5133046e1b, content=学习一下谢谢.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Mon Jul 09 23:19:16 CST 2018, time=2018-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-10 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.继续关注

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=342490, encodeId=83e5342490d5, content=这个病历见过类似的,感谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5361391298, createdName=331445697, createdTime=Mon Sep 03 20:08:49 CST 2018, time=2018-09-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330685, encodeId=fbf633068527, content=腿中风了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/06/23/37e4e361e5906156dbe2878394fce900.jpg, createdBy=00c476551, createdName=busylazy, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 22:21:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330592, encodeId=62ce3305923f, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/08/e17530940c09a90d4b2a20858a16f139.jpg, createdBy=84121967952, createdName=贾玉改, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 10:23:56 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330537, encodeId=bf7433053e66, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Jul 10 07:22:54 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330531, encodeId=5bf333053149, content=了解了解.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 10 06:44:27 CST 2018, time=2018-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330467, encodeId=ca5133046e1b, content=学习一下谢谢.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Mon Jul 09 23:19:16 CST 2018, time=2018-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-09 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢.谢谢分享

    0

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